l802 



THE CHOLERAS 



it spread to the west coast of India, Arabia, Ceylon, Burma, Malacca, 

 Penang, Singapore, and Manilla, reaching Mauritius in 1819 and 

 China in 1820. This is certainly the first extensive epidemic ever 

 recorded outside India. In 1826 the first pandemic, which lasted 

 till 1837, and spread into Europe, Africa, and America, began in 

 India, through which it spread slowly, and then passed to Europe 

 and Africa by three routes, the first and earliest via Kabul, Bokhara, 

 and Khiva to the Russian province of Orenburg, which was reached 

 in 1829. The second route was through Persia, Tabriz, and Tifiis, 

 to Astrakhan in 1830. In this year the two routes met at Nijni- 

 Novgorod, where there is an annual peasant gathering. These 

 peasants, on returning home, infected Moscow, and as there were 

 military operations proceeding in Poland, the disease rapidly spread 

 through Western Russia into Poland, and on to Germany, Austria, 

 Sweden, and England. In 1831 France became infected, and from 



Fig. 761. — Distribution of Cholera in 1915. 



1832-33 the whole of Europe was ravaged, and the disease spread 

 to the United States, Mexico, Cuba, and Guiana, and even to 

 Australia. In the meanwhile the epidemic had spread by the third 

 route from Bombay to Arabia in 1826, and then to Syria, Turkey, 

 Egypt, and finally to North Africa in 1834, after which it died dowii. 



In 1840 troops were collected together in India for service in 

 China, and as they travelled eastwards they carried the cholera, 

 which was present in Bengal and Madras, to Malacca and China, 

 in which country it was very prevalent in 1841, and through which 

 it spread, reaching Northern Burma in 1842. It now proceeded 

 north of the Himalayas, reaching Yarkand, from whence it passed 

 to Bokhara and Afghanistan, and spread into the Punjaub and the 

 North-West Provinces in 1844, and into Persia in 1845, when it 

 again travelled via Tabriz and Derbend to Orenburg in 1847, and 

 so to Europe and America in 1848. In this year it was very pre- 



