THE LEUCOCYTE 



increases from Class I. to Class IV., and falls in Class V. When the 

 numbers in Classes I. and II. are increased above normal it is called 

 ' a shift to the left/ and the reverse' a shift to the right/ terms which 

 have been used in Chapter IV. According to Arneth, a shift to the 

 left is evidence of lower resistance on the part of the patient to a 

 disease. This count has been tested in the tropics by Chamberlain 

 and Vedder, Macfie, Breinl, and others, as has been set forth on 

 P- 75- 



A few examples may be given as follows: — 



Arneth Count. 



Kind of 

 L&ucocytc . 



Nature of 



(~)h ^pvDnti nv) 



Observer. 



Class 



Class 

 II. 



Class 

 III. 



Class 

 IV. 



Class 

 y ^ 



Arneth 



T ^ /J p 'v 



Polymorphs 



Normal in 

 Europe 



Arneth 



5 



35 



41 



17 



2*o 



40*0 



Polymorphs 



Normal in 

 America 



Kagan 



5 



19 



46 



25 



5-0 



24*0 



Polymorphs 



Normal 

 Americans 

 in Philip- 

 pines 



Chamber- 

 lain and 

 Vedder 



13-3 



32-9 



37*2 



14*6 



2-0 



46-2 



Polymorphs 



Normal 

 Philippinos 



Chamber- 

 lain and 

 Vedder 



27-5 



38-3 



25-8 



7-5 



0-9 



65-8 



Polymorphs 



Normal 

 limits 



Simon 



4-9 



21-47 



33-48 



9-23 



2-4 



25-56 



Eosinophiles 



Normal in 

 Europe 



Arneth 



1 1 



69 



19 



I 





80 



Von Schilling-Torgau suggests a modification, which is to classify 

 the neutrophiles as myelocytes, myelocytes with indented nucleus, 

 polymorphs with rod-shaped nuclei, polymorphs with segmented 

 nuclei. It is said that this simple method gives the same results as 

 the Arneth count. 



The Arneth count is being used at present in tropical work, but its 

 value is still sitbjudice. 



The leucocytes vary in number under physiological and patho- 

 logical conditions: — 



Leucopenia, or diminution in their numbers, may occur in physio- 

 logical conditions such as hot or cold baths, or in pathological condi- 

 tions such as certain protozoal infections, malaria, trypanosomiases, 

 and kala-azar; in bacterial infections such as enteroidea, undulant 

 fever, tuberculosis, and influenza, or in severe toxsemi as of any kind. 

 The leucopenia is usually polymorphonuclear, but in fevers there is 

 a diminution of eosinophiles. 



