2240 



DYSIDROSES AND DYSTROPHIES 



desired result is attained. These cuts, and hence the subsequent 

 keloids, are arranged in some primitive form of pattern. More 

 elaborate patterns, however, may be met with, being generally in 

 the forms of curved lines or scrolls, of keloids. Various types of 

 tribal keloid tattooing have been recently studied by Miss Zabo- 

 rowska. 



In the Naga Hills of Assam the lines of the tattoo follow the 

 contours of the face. 



The most elaborate designs are found among the Maoris of New 

 Zealand and the natives of the Pacific Islands. The Polynesians 

 use lines and curves, but not spirals, the highest art being found 

 among the Marquesans. The Maoris are, however, not content 

 with mere tattooing, in which pigment is rubbed into slight cuts, 

 for in their ' moko ' they make deep furrows, which remain more or 

 less permanently during life. According to Ling Roth, the Maoris 

 use seven patterns: the first, the linear, composed of lines of dots 

 or strokes; the second is the mat or plait-work pattern, composed of 

 parallel lines, in groups of three, arranged more or less alternately; 

 the third is the ladder pattern, in which the lines are arranged in 

 horizontal groups separated by clear spaces ; the* fourth is the 

 chevron pattern, being composed of coils with long tails or handles, 

 the interspaces between which are filled in by slanting lines ; the 

 fifth pattern is the circinate coil ; the sixth, the anchor ; and the 

 seventh, the trilateral scroll. This last pattern is said to imitate 

 a flower — Clianthus puniceus. According to the same author, the 

 Papuans are much addicted to the use of the spiral in tattooing. 

 The Polynesians use simple pricking instruments, while the Maoris, 

 in order to produce the deep furrows, use special instruments, 

 shaped somewhat like a miniature garden-hoe, the cutting edge 

 of which is toothed. These instruments were at first made of 

 bone or hard wood, but later iron was introduced. They are made 

 to cut the skin by means of blows from a hammer or a stick. As a 

 result of the wound the blood flows freely, and is wiped away by 

 the hand or a piece of stick, after which the pigment is rubbed 

 into the wound. The nature of this pigment appears to vary, and 

 may consist of charcoal, obtained by burning various animal or 

 vegetal substances. The hair of the beard has to be pulled out 

 by the roots, as it would spoil the effect of the tattoo or moko. 



The pain of the operation of moko is naturally very great, especi- 

 ally when performed on the lips, and hence but little tattooing can 

 be done at a time, and it takes years for an extensive moko to be 

 produced. Inflammation often sets in, and it may be weeks befor 

 the wounds heal. The Maoris perform post-mortem tattooing and 

 moko at times, but this is to be distinguished from tattooing made 

 during life by the appearance of the cuts and the absence of sub- 

 cutaneous colour. 



In modern times the art of tattooing has been much developed 

 by the Japanese, into whose country it was introduced about 

 300 years ago. The Japanese artists, by using special instruments 



