28 



THE HISTORY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE 



1,151 of Mouneyrat's series, and like galyl is given intravenously and for the 

 same conditions. 



We have already referred to Spirarsyl, and we may mention that Arseno- 

 phenylmethylglycine has been used experimentally by Oechslin to kill Trypano- 

 soma evansi and T. rhodesiense in experimental animals. 



In 1 91 3 Ehrlich found that Salvarsan and other derivatives of arseno- 

 benzene could join with salts of copper, silver, gold, and platinum, forming 

 combinations which could be administered intravenously and in which the 

 heavy metal appeared to aid the arsenic in its germicidal action. Luargol 

 is an example of this type of chemical body. 



Further new types of compounds of organic arsenicals with anti- 

 mony, selenium, etc., are being tried. Especial attention is said 

 by Morgan to be directed at the moment to certain partly methy- 

 lated hexaminoarsenobenzenes, which give stable solutions with 

 soluble bicarbonates, and so the final word has yet to be said with 

 regard to these compounds, which the chemist is preparing for trial 

 by the physician. 



With regard to the organic antimony derivatives, the salts of anti- 

 monyl tartaric acid, in the form of lithium antimonyl tartrate, 

 were first used in the experimental trypanosomiasis of mice by 

 Plimmer and Thomson in June, 1907. Their results were confirmed 

 by Mesnil and Brimont in January, 1908, while in March, 1908, 

 Manson used it on man, giving it by the mouth. Also in 1908 

 Boosten and Rodhain used tartar emetic in human trypanosomiasis. 



In 1 91 3, Tsuzuki introduced potassium ammonium antimonyl 

 tartrate, as antiluetin, and in the same year Vianna and Machado 

 gave tartar emetic intravenously in cases of espundia, with good 

 results, which have been confirmed by Terra da Silva, Carini Car- 

 walho and Christopherson, and by Low. For the same complaint 

 Ludeberg tried trioxide of antimony intramuscularly, and Martin- 

 dale prepared an injectio antimonii oxidi, which Morgan considers 

 to contain, probably, a glyceryl antimonite, and this has been 

 reported in 1917 as curative of American Leishmaniasis when used 

 subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and intravenously. 



Also in 1 913 Vianna and Aragao reported that tartar emetic was 

 useful in the treatment of ulcerating granuloma. 



In 1914 Castellani used tartar emetic, together with other drugs, 

 in a case of Indian kala-azar, with satisfactory results, and came 

 to the conclusion that the drug was the cause of the striking 

 result, and therefore he recommended it for routine treatment. 

 In the previous year he had originated his yaws mixture (now 

 generally called Castellani's mixture), which contains tartar emetic, 

 potassium iodide, and both carbonate and salicylate of soda. 



In 1915 Di Cristina and Caronia reported the cure of eight cases 

 of infantile Leishmaniasis by antimony therapy, and later Rogers 

 confirmed and extended this use of tartrate of antimony in kala- 

 azar, a line of treatment well accepted at the present time. 



Emetine. — For many years it was known that ipecacuanha and 

 emetine were valuable in the treatment of certain cases of dysentery, 

 and this was crystallized down to the treatment of amoebic dysen- 



