374 



TR YPA NOSOMIDM 



distinguish it from other forms of infantile splenic anaemia. In 1907 

 Nicolle and Cassuto observed the parasites in the spleen of a child 

 in Tunisia suffering from irregular fever, splenomegaly, etc., and 

 Nicolle named this disease infantile kala-azar, which is a most 

 suitable name. After this it was described in Crete in 1907 by 

 Archer; in Sicily, Stromboli, and Calabria by Gabbi and Feletti; in 

 1 910 it was found in Malta by Critien, in Lisbon by Alvares, while 

 Gabbi proved that the disease ' ponos,' as seen in Spezzia, was the 

 same disease; and Christomanos, Aravandinos, and Michaelides 

 found it in the Grecian islands and Greece itself. In 191 1 Christo- 

 monas found it in several places in Greece and Asia Minor, while 

 Batinos found it in Corfu, Kefalinos in Paris, and it was found to be 

 widely distributed in Southern Italy and Sicily ; Martzinowsky has 

 observed cases in Moscow, Tashim Ibrahim in Tripoli, Lemaire in 

 Algiers, and Sluka and Zarfi in Tashkent in Turkestan. Marshall 

 reports the disease among children of about twelve years of age in 

 the Sennar province of the Sudan. 



It is thus seen that L. infantum is 

 ^ mainly found around the Mediterranean 

 / ^ basin, but may extend to Moscow and 



~ to Turkestan; probably its geographical 



/ ^ \ distribution is but little known at 



[ 1 present. 



( ' ' The study of the life-history began 



by the experiments of Nicolle, who in 

 Y 1908 successfully inoculated a dog in 



- Tunis intrahepatically and intraperi- 



toneally with splenic blood from a case 

 ' Qf infantile kala-azar; monkeys were 



Fig. ^T.—Leishmania infan- ^Jsq inoculated successfully. 



LwBK'orrboo TxpbT „ Later Manceaux, Comte, Laveran, 

 MENTALLY INFECTED. Pcttit, Jemma, Dl Cristiua, Cannata, 



(From a microphotograph Alvares, da Silva, Pulvirenti, and 

 by Basile.) Tomaselli, successfully inoculated dogs, 



monkeys, and guinea-pigs, and Volpino 

 produced a purely local lesion somewhat analogous to Oriental 

 sore by inoculating the cornea of a rabbit from an infected dog. 



In 1908 Nicolle and Comte recorded the discovery of spontaneous 

 kala-azar in dogs in Tunis, and eventually found i-8 per cent, to 

 be infected in the spring, but this percentage was raised by the 

 Sergents to 7-2 per cent, in the summer in Algiers, and Sevenet has 

 found that in Algiers i-6 per cent, show infection in the spring and 

 8-8 per cent, in the summer. Basile, in an endemic region, Bordo- 

 naro, near Messina, found twenty-seven infected dogs out of thirty- 

 three examined by trephining the head of the femur and making 

 smears of the bone-marrow ; and he obtained also a very important 

 fact when he found infected dogs in every house where kala-azar 

 had been found by Gabbi; and still more interesting is the observa- 

 tion that infected dogs were found in houses without cases of kala- 



/ 



