402 



TR YPA NO SO MI 



B. Without schizogony in the vertebrate host: — 



I. Enters red hlood-coTpnsc\es- E ndotrypanum Mesnil 



and Brimont, 1908. 

 II. Does not enter red blood-corpuscles. 



(a) Final stage of development in the definitive host is 

 in the hind gut. Infection is contaminative. 

 Aflagellar extremity long drawn out and pointed. 

 Cytoplasm free from granules — Lewisonella 

 Chalmers, 1918. 

 (6) Final stage of development in the definitive host 

 is in the salivary glands, proboscis, or hypo- 

 pharynx. Infection inoculative. 



1. Polymorphic, with granular cytoplasm, small 



kinetonucleus, and well-developed undulating 

 membrane. Final stage in the definitive 

 host takes place in the salivary glands- — 

 Castellanella Chalmers, 191 8. 



2. Monomorphic, with non-granular cytoplasm,. 



large kinetonucleus, and with or without 

 well - developed undulating membrane. 

 Final stage of development anterior, but 

 not m the salivary glands — Duttonella 

 Chalmers, 1918. 



The type species of these genera are as follows : — 



Schizotrypanum cruzi, synonym Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909. 



EndotrypanuM schaudinni Mesnil and Brimont, 1908. 



Lewisonella lewisi, synonym Trypanosoma lewisi Kent, 1879. 



Castellanella gamhiensis'Du.iion, 1902 (co-type species: Castellanella 

 castellanii Kruse, 1903, synonym Trypanosoma castellanii Kruse, 

 1903). 



Duttonella vivax, synonym Trypanosoma vivax Ziemann, 1905. 

 Section I. : Trypanosomes of Aves. 



In 1845 Gros found trypanosomes in the blood of goat-suckers and cranes 

 which are now known to be very common in birds ; but the detection in blood- 

 films is not easy, as the parasites are few and far between. According to 

 Novy and McNeal, the cultivation method is much better. 



Laveran and Mesnil summarize them into three types : — (i) Trypanosomes of 

 type of T. lewisi in rats (T. avium minus) ; (2) trypanosomes of type of T. rota- 

 torium of the frog; {3) long thin trypanosomes without free fiagellum — 

 distinct type. 



A few examples may be mentioned: — T. avium Laveran, 1903, in Syrnium 

 aluco L., the wood-owl; T. confusum Liihe, 1906, in Agelaius phceniceus L., 

 and other North American birds; T. laverani Novy and McNeal, 1905, in 

 Astragalinus tristis L., North America ; T. paddcB L. and Mesnil, 1904, in Padda 

 oryzivora, the Java sparrow. 



Also T. lagonostictcB Maiullaz, 1914, from LagonostictcB s enegala ; a.nd T. 

 Leothricis, from the Japanese nightingale, Leothrix luieus. 



Section II. : The Trypanosomes of the Mammalia. 

 Mammalian trypanosomes may be classified according to Laveran 

 and Mesnil, into : — 



