2i66 



ULCERATIONS 



Smith in 1868 and Fleming in 1873 claimed to have found eggs 

 of a species of Distoma in the sections of specimens of the tissues 

 derived from cases of Delhi boil. Carter in 1875 described a 

 mycelial fungus and spores. In 1880 Laveran stated that the virus 

 of Oriental sore was probably carried by flies. Deperet and Boniet, 

 Duclaux and Heydenreich cultivated various cocci in 1884. In 1885 

 Cunningham described some peculiar parasitic organisms of various 

 size and shape, often endocellular, easily brought in evidence by 

 staining with gentian violet. Cunningham inchned to regard these 

 bodies as representing various stages of the development of a 

 mycetozoal parasite, probably belonging to the group of the 

 Monadidae. 



Riehl (1886) isolated a capsulated micrococcus. Finkelstein 

 and Chantemesse (1887) also cultivated a micrococcus similar to 

 the organism described by Duclaux. Poncet in the same year 

 described a coccus in sections and a very delicate bacillus. Le 

 Dantec and Auche in 1894 found in a case of Biskra boil a strepto- 

 coccus and the Staphylococcus alhus. In 1897 NicoUe and Nourry 

 Bey found a streptococcus which they believed to be specific. 

 The organism was very slightly virulent. Attempts to inoculate 

 monkeys with the disease did not succeed. In the same year 

 Brocq and Veillon cultivated a streptothrix from a case ^ Aleppo 

 boil. Crendiropuolo isolated in numerous cases a bacillus, prob- 

 ably belonging to the Proteus group. Firth in 1891 stated that 

 he had been able to confirm the presence of the Cunningham 

 parasitic bodies in numerous cases of Delhi boil. He proposed 

 for the parasite the name of Sporozoon Jurunculosum. In 1898 

 Borowsky constantly observed in twenty cases of Sarten ulcer some 

 peculiar organisms which he thought to be protozoa. In fresh 

 preparations the bodies were very actively motile, and presented 

 a spherical shape; sometimes they were spindle-shaped. The 

 maximum diameter varied from 0-5 to 3 /x. The cell-body stained 

 very faintly. The nucleus was placed eccentrically. No chro- 

 matin bodies could be put in evidence. Schulgin in 1902 con- 

 firmed Borowsky's results, and suggested that the disease might 

 be conveyed by mosquitoes. In 1903, in a case of tropical ulcer 

 occurring in a boy from Armenia, Wright described bodies very 

 similar to those found in cases of kala-azar. These bodies may 

 possibly be identical with those seen by Cunningham in 1885. 

 Wright's discovery has been confirmed by Mesnil, Nicolle, James, 

 Strong, Plehn, Nattan-Larrier, Splendore, Carini, Cardamatis, 

 Wenyon, Gabbi, Lacava, Balfour, Archibald, and others, who have 

 greatly extended our knowledge of the disease. Marzinowsky and 

 Bogrow state that, independently from Wright, they found similar 

 bodies in cases of Pendjeh ulcer from Persia. In 1908 C. Nicolle 

 and A. Sicre succeeded in cultivating the organism. In the same 

 year and 1910 C. Nicolle and his co-workers reproduced the disease 

 in monkeys and dogs, and in 1913 to 19 14 Gonder, Row, and 

 Laveran infected mice and other rodents. In 1917 Laveran 



