THE BLACK MADUROMYCOSES 



2I2I 



(2) Bovo's black maduromy costs, found in Genoa, and of which the 

 causal agent is called Madurella hovoi Brumpt, 1910, but this 

 identification must be accepted with reserve, as the fungus has never 

 been cultivated, and may not agree with the definition of the genus 

 Madurella, as altered by Pinoy in 19 12 subsequent to the cultivation 

 of M. mycetomi and M. tozeuri. 



(3) Pepere's black maduromycosis, found at Domusnovas in the 

 Province of Cagliari in Sardinia, and caused by Scedosporium 

 sclorotiale Pepere, 1914. 



B. The African Black Maduromycoses. 



(t) Brumpt' s black maduromycosis, caused by Madurella mycetomi 

 (Laveran, 1902). 



(2) Nicolle andPinoy's black maduromycosis, caused by Madurella 

 tozeuri (Nicolle and Pinoy, 1908) . 



(3) Bouffard's black maduromycosis, caused by Aspergillus bouf- 

 fardi Brumpt, 1905. 



(4) Chalmers and Archibald's black maduromycosis, caused by 

 Glenospora khartoumensis Chalmers and Archibald, 1916, which 

 has now been recovered three times in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 



These African black maduromycoses may be differentiated from 

 one another as follows: — 



A. Microscopical preparations show aspergillar heads — Bouffard's black 



maduromycosis. 



B, Microscopical preparations do not show aspergillar heads; on culture 



the following types of spore are obtained : — • 



1. The aleuriosporal form of conidium — Chalmers and Archibald's 



black maduromycosis. 



2. The arthrosporal form of thallospore: — 



{a) Mycelium greyish-white, when old, yellowish and darkening 

 the media in sugar cultures. Spores varying in dimen- 

 sion from 2 to 5 microns. Grains black and sterile, with 

 a diameter from 0'5 to i millimetre, formed in the depths 

 of the medium in cultures. Can invade the skin, bone, 

 muscles, and connective tissue of man, giving rise to black 

 grains which are small, hard, round, and more or less warty, 

 and which morphologically resemble the grains formed 

 in the cultures. Up to the present the inoculation into 

 animals is negative. Very widely spread in Africa. 

 Isolated by Brault from a mycetoma with black grains in 

 Algeria — Brumpt' s black maduromycosis. 



{b) Mycelium v/hite, becoming yellowish with age, and darkening 

 the medium in sugar cultures. Spores generally small, 

 2 microns or sometimes even 5 microns in diameter. 

 Grains are only rarely produced, and then thej appear on 

 the surface of the medium. Occasionally it gives rise to a 

 mycetoma in man, in which it forms black amorphous 

 grains which are often made up of mycelial rings enclosing 

 some degenerate cellular elements which are impregnated 

 %vith the pigment of the fungus, and also of small diffuse 

 masses formed solely by the filaments of the fungus which 

 have a yellow membrane. Inoculation into pigeons 

 positive. Isolated by Nicolle from a mycetoma at Tozeur 

 — Nicolle and Pinoy's black maduromycosis. 



