THE INSECT WORLD. 



323 



a scale of bark or in a little depression, and there spin a cocoon, 

 in which they remain unchanged during the winter. The change 

 to the pupa takes place very early in spring, and the moths appear 

 as already stated. It has been found that we are able to protect 

 our trees by spraying them with one of the arsenites as soon as 

 the blossoms have all dropped and the fruit is well set. At that 

 time the young apples are upright, affording a favorable oppor- 

 tunity for lodging the poison in the calyx cup, and here it remains 

 until the larva makes its first and, if the spraying is properly done, 

 its last meal. Under favorable circumstances a single spraying is 

 sufficient to prevent injury, but practically two sprayings are re- 

 quired at intervals of about a week, and a third if rain interferes 

 to shorten this period, — that is to say, one just as soon as the 

 blossoms are all off, and the second about a week or, if the 

 weather remains dry, at most, ten days thereafter. This is to 

 allow for the irregular hatching of the larvae, the rapid growth of 

 the young fruit, and to make certain that all may be reached. It 

 is here that promptness and thoroughness will tell. To be ef- 

 fective the spraying must be done before the larvae hatch, and 

 the mixture must be on every fruit to be protected. In dry 

 weather ten days between sprayings is not too much ; in wet or 

 showery weather three days may be too long. The young larva 

 feeds externally for a day or two only, and unless it is then killed, 

 is beyond our reach. Success is the result of keeping an un- 

 broken film of poison on the flower end of each fruit until all 

 eggs are hatched. One pound of Paris green or London purple 

 in one hundred and fifty gallons of water is a good strength, or 

 fifteen ounces of arsenate of lead in one hundred gallons. Some 

 growers, however, use a mixture of double this strength and find 

 it advantageous ; they spray carefully, use just enough to cover, 

 and risk a little burning of the foliage. 



The last series in the order is the Tineina, or the " Tineid 

 moths," comprising the smallest of the Lepidopterous insects. 

 There is an enormous number of species, and we know very 

 little about the great majority of them. With few exceptions, the 

 insects have long, narrow wings, the primaries pointed, the sec- 

 ondaries lanceolate, but their surface increased by enormously 

 long fringes, which are in many cases broader than the wings 

 themselves. They often have on the head a clothing of upright 



