INSECTICIDES, PREVENTIVES, AND MACHINERY. 461 



work evenly and with little chance of missing. Where a large 

 acreage of potatoes is grown, one of these machines is almost in- 

 dispensable, and with it the potato-beetle can be kept in check 

 very readily. Of course these machines may also be used for 

 applying fungicides on the same plants. Geared machines should 

 never be used in spraying orchards ; or, if they are, the gearing 

 should be thrown off and the pump operated by hand. It is 

 practically impossible to spray orchard trees thoroughly by 

 simply driving between the rows and directing the spray from the 

 wagon to the trees as they are passed. If this is done, slipshod 

 work is apt to result which will not be effective, so that both 

 labor and money will be wasted and the spraying might as well 

 be omitted. 



Of a somewhat distinctive type is the Bean spray pump, which 

 forms a spray by air-pressure, and is, indeed, practically an 

 atomizer. It is somewhat complicated, and has not found favor 

 in the East, though considered a satisfactory machine on the 

 Pacific coast. It is an apparatus not likely to clog, and the spray 

 produced by it leaves little to be desired. I have not seen it in 

 actual service, hence cannot say how well founded is the charge 

 of difficulty of manipulation. 



* ' Knapsack pumps' ' have come into very general use of recent 

 years, and quite a variety are now manufactured, — all built upon 

 one general plan. There is a copper tank, holding usually in 

 the neighborhood of five gallons, and a double-acting pump con- 

 cealed within the tank itself, and operated by a lever that passes 

 either under the left arm or over the left shoulder. These knap- 

 sack pumps may be used for a very great range of work. As a 

 rule, they have a short discharge hose and a brass rod or ' ' lance' ' 

 terminating in a Vermorel nozzle. The lance varies in length, 

 but its extreme is about thirty-six inches, so that low plants may 

 be easily reached while the worker is standing upright. In the 

 apparatus furnished by Boekel & Co., of Philadelphia, the nozzle 

 is adjustable in such a way that the spray may be sent in any 

 direction. If the under side of low plants is to be reached, the 

 nozzle is simply set so as to spray upward, and in fact it can be 

 adjusted so as to do almost any kind of work required in the 

 field and vineyard. For the grower of small fruits, including 

 grapes, a knapsack pump is almost indispensable. Bush fruits 



