34 



Indiana University Studies 



ness men without experience and training, and often with no 

 particular interest in charity work. Boards of charities have 

 a distinctly different attitude. 



The Dual System. Even as late as 1900 there is no reason 

 to suppose that anyone had formulated an argument favor- 

 ing a ''dual system". At least there is no record of that fact 

 in public discussion or on the statute books. In fact, until 

 1909 the dual system was the result of conditions in individual 

 cases rather than the result of a positive principle. However, 

 looking back thru the past records a growing tendency leading 

 towards such a system is clearly perceptible. 



Certainly in 1895 no such system was deemed practicable. 

 Wisconsin, which had established a supervisory board in 1871, 

 established a board of control in 1881. The two boards ex- 

 isted as an inharmonious dual system until 1890 when the 

 old system was abandoned and a single board of control was 

 established. Consequently in 1895 a member of the Wiscon- 

 sin board argued that the experience of Wisconsin showed a 

 board of control to be the better board. What that experi- 

 ence really did show was that at that time the attitude of 

 the two boards was antagonistic, each deeming the other in- 

 fringing on its special field and rights. 



Yet that same year a member of the Conference in the 

 discussion on State boards declared: ''But the main point as 

 to the discussion is that the two functions of the board of 

 control and the board of public charities are entirely differ- 

 ent. ... It would seem to me that the functions to be per- 

 formed by these two bodies are not only distinct but utterly 

 incompatible; for it is impossible for one board to properly 

 exercise the functions of these two boards. How can they 

 supervise themselves? How can they inspect the institutions 

 which they administer? ... I think these are so incompat- 

 ible with each other that where there is a board of control 

 there should be a board of charities also, the board of control 

 holding the position of trustees of the State institutions, the 

 board of State charities existing for the inspection and criti- 

 cism and keeping straight the county and private institu- 

 tions."^^ 



For some time it seemed as if this idea was considered of 



National Conference of Charities and Corrections Proceedings, 1895, pp. 37-43. 

 Ibid., 1895, discussion by Philip C. Garret, pp. 449, 450. 



