OF THE FAKM AXD GAKDEX, 



255 



•winged state, which is shown in figure 155, g and h. 

 In this last moult the tubercled skin splits on the back, 

 and is soon worked off, the body in the winged insect 

 haying neither tubercles nor granulations. 



These winged insects are most abundant in August 

 and September, but may be found as early as the first of 

 July, and until the yines cease growing in the fall. The 

 majority of them are females, with the abdomen large, 

 and more or less elongate. From two to fiye eggs may 

 inyariably be found in the abdomen of these, and are 

 easily seen when the insect is held between the light, or 

 mounted in balsam or glycerine. A certain proportion 

 have an entirely different shaped and smaller body, the 

 abdomen being short, contracted, and terminating in a 

 fleshy and dusky protuberance; the limbs stouter, and 

 the wings proportionately larger and stouter. 



This form has been looked upon as the male by myself, 

 Planchon, Lichtenstein and others. Yet we haye neyer 

 succeeded in witnessing it performing the functions of a 

 male, nor has any one else that we are aware of. The 

 males in all plant-lice are quite rare, and, in the great 

 majority of species, unknown. 



As fall adyances the winged indiyiduals become more 

 and more scarce, and as winter sets in, only eggs, newly- 

 hatched laryae, and a few wing-less, egg-bearing mothers 

 are seen. These last die and disappear during the winter, 

 which is mostly passed in the larya state, with here and 

 there a few eggs. The laryag thus hibernating (fig. 154, 

 h), become dingy, with the body and limbs more 

 shagreened and the claws less perfect than when first 

 hatched; and, of thousands examined, all bear the same 

 appearance, and all are furnished with strong suckers. 

 As soon as the gi'ound thaws and the sap starts in the 

 spring, these young lice work off their winter coat, and, 

 growing apace, commence to deposit eggs. 



At this season of the year, with the exuberant juices of 



