February, '15] BRITTON: ACADEMIC TRAINING OF ENTOMOLOGISTS 73 



work, before joining tlie Bureau of Entomology, yet they now seem 

 so much a part of the Bureau that we can hardly consider them as 

 belonging elsewhere. None of these men were included in the figures 

 given in this paper. On the other hand such men as John B. Smith, 

 and J. H. Comstock, who were once connected with the Department 

 of Agriculture, and J. M. Aldrich, w^ho has recently joined the Bureau 

 force, have spent so many years of service in the states in comparison 

 with the short period in Government service that they seem to belong to 

 the former instead of the latter and have been so considered. 



All present official entomologists and their trained assistants in 

 the various states are also included. Thus such names as those of 

 Dr. Hinds, Dr. Morrill, and Mr. Sanders probably figure in both Dr. 

 Howard's paper and this; and no doubt some have been omitted from 

 both. 



Before progressing far, the original scope of this paper was broad- 

 ened to include certain eminent entomologists connected perhaps 

 with museums, or systematists who though perhaps not holding offi- 

 cial positions as entomologists, nevertheless, like Cresson, have made 

 notable contributions to our literature. 



In the early days of entomology in this country, it should be re- 

 membered that institutions for higher education were few; the system 

 of state colleges which now covers the whole country like a net of 

 lace w^ork has been entirely developed within the past fifty years. 

 Few of our agricultural experiment stations are more than twenty- 

 seven years old. Nearly all of the colleges then in existence were of 

 the classical type; scientific thought and action were just awakening. 



It is not strange, therefore, to find that many of the early entomolo- 

 gists were not college graduates, though some of them studied for a 

 time at one or more of the existing institutions. I shall take a few 

 minutes of your time to speak of some of these early workers as well 

 as some of the later ones who have passed from us. 



Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, who was the first great economic en- 

 tomologist of this country, graduated from Harvard University in 

 1815, and received his M.D. in 1820. 



Thomas Say, often called the father of entomology in America, was 

 not a college-trained man. 



Dr. B. D. Walsh, first state entomologist of Illinois, graduated from 

 Trinity College, Cambridge, England. Doctor Fitch graduated from 

 the Vermont Academy of Medicine in 1829, and Le Baron also had 

 the degree of M.D. and was probably a graduate of a medical college but , 

 I have not been able to find any definite record to that effect. Doctor 

 Le Conte received an M.D. from the College of Physicians and Sur- 

 geons, and Doctor Horn from the University of Pennsylvania. 



