168 



JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTO^IOLOGY 



Mr. C. T. Brues; I am very much interested in this paper, for, 

 as you know, somewhat similar w^ork with high-pressure sprajdng 

 has been done in the West by various entomologists. I must admit 

 I am not quite familiar with the percentages of sound fruit which are 

 generally obtained in the most successful work in the West. If Mr. 

 Parrott can tell us what the percentages are I would like to know. 



Mr. p. J. Parrott: By means of high-pressure spraying they have 

 been able to grow apples in the West that run 95 to 97 per cent free 

 from injury by codling moth. On the other hand, it is reported that 

 by the use of Vermorel nozzles great losses to the crops are sustained. 

 Evidently eastern and western entomologists, as far as control of the 

 codling moth is concerned, are working under different conditions. 



Mr. C. T. Brues: Dr. Melander is also of this opinion. I saw 

 him for a few hours after his return from the experiments in New York, 

 and I judged from what he said that the sprays failed to penetrate, at 

 least to the extent that normally occurs in the West. Is it not possible 

 that there is difference in the position of the floral parts? 



Mr. p. J. Parrott: I believe that is the pith of the matter. 



Mr. E. p. Felt: I would like to ask at w^hat time in the devel- 

 opment of the blossom was the spraying done — after the stamens 

 were dry or were they still green? 



Mr. P. J. Parrott: The petals had dropped and the stamens were 

 commencing to shrivel. 



Mr. E. G. Titus: How near did you get to the blossoms and did 

 you actually drive the spray in? 



Mr. p. J. Parrott: In the case of the apples, which were exam- 

 ined to determine the extent of the penetration of the colored spray, 

 the nozzles were held quite close to the fruit during spraying opera- 

 tions. These showed no penetration, but it should be stated that in 

 the course of the various experiments the spraying mixture was some- 

 times found in the lower colyx cavity. Certain it is that, under the 

 conditions in which we were working, it was not an easy thing to force 

 the spray through the different structures in the calyx cup of the 

 Baldwin apple. 



Mr. a. L. Quaintance: For the last two or three years the Bu- 

 reau has been making a comparative study of the calyx cup in eastern 

 and western apples and it shows that the western apple has a much 

 more open arrangement of the stamen bars than the eastern apples, 

 and this explains the situation. The position of the western entomolo- 

 gist and the position of the eastern entomologist are accounted for 

 by the difference in the arrangement of the stamens. 



Mr. p. J. Parrott: In the October number of the American Nat- 

 uralist there is an article by Mr. W. J. Young which clearly explains 



