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the height of the wall, and the distance of the trees 

 from each other; the ultimate object being to produce 

 a fan-form, as regular as possible, of permanent wood, 

 with no young wood thereon besides what is produced 

 along the spokes of the fan on the upper side, at about 

 12 inches apart, and the prolongation of the shoots. 



In the course of the winter or spring of the third 

 year shorten the side shoots to about 10 or 12 inches, 

 as may be most convenient for wood buds, to get two 

 principal leading shoots from each side shoot ; the 

 first about three inches from the stem, as the bud 

 may suit, and the other at the end of the shortened 

 shoots, so as to double the leading shoots. The upright 

 shoot is always cut at three of the lowest and most 

 suitable buds, so as the stem may be kept as short as 

 possible ; for, unless the side shoots are multiplied, the 

 stem gets too high. If the sides shoots are strong 

 the year after cutting down, they may be laid in their 

 whole length ; but if weak, they m.ust be cut short 

 to give them strength. Continue in this way to double 

 the side shoots for two or three years, by which the 

 tree will get strength, and then it will admit of the 

 side shoots being shortened to about 14 inches. Cut 

 for two or three years, so as to produce three shoots 

 upon each side shoot, and so continue until there is a 

 sufficient number of leading shoots to furnish the wall. 



After the tree has got into a bearing state, cut the 

 lateral shoots to about eight or nine inches, taking 



