109 



can be freely exposed to light. In the case of a 

 healthy tree, one-half of the shoots and foliage it natu- 

 rally produces could not be thus exposed when trained 

 against a wall. If all the branches of a round-headed 

 standard tree were disposed in a flattened or fan-like 

 manner against a wall, they would be greatly over- 

 crowded ; for instead of a surface equal to that of a 

 sphere, the foliage would be reduced within a diame- 

 trical section of the same, aifording a surface of only 

 one quarter of that which they formerly had. Hence 

 it is evident that a considerable reduction of shoots 

 produced by wall-trees must be effected in some way 

 or other. This is partly done by shortening and 



Fig. 18. 



