44: 



fidelity in preparing the soil, sowing the seed, watering the 

 plants, and trans-planting the young trees. 



In Italy, Germany and France, the advice of the Government 

 foresters is given gratuitously to all tree-planters, and the young 

 trees are furnished from the nurseries connected with the 

 Schools of Forestry at a nominal price far below the cost, in 

 order to encourage tree-planting to the utmost. With all pro- 

 prietors of forests, whether the State, the Commune, corpora- 

 tions or individuals, the Government enjoins first, what must 

 be done in all cases, and secondly, sets forth what may be done, 

 that is, what is desirable but optional. In certain localities, the 

 owner must get the permission of the forester of his province 

 before he may fell trees on his own grounds. If the interest of 

 that province and of the country require the retention of trees 

 on the mountain tops, the State compensates the owner of the 

 land for any loss thus incurred, or the older and larger trees 

 only are cut, and a continuous forest growth maintained. It is 

 their theory that the forests belong not to one generation only but 

 to all, and each is bound to leave them as good as it found them. 



Schools of Forestry in Europe are of two kinds ; first those 

 designed exclusively for the study of forest science and its 

 collateral branches, the Forstahademie ; second the Allgemeine 

 Hochschule^ or the collegiate or polytechnic institution with a 

 comprehensive course of study, of which forestry is one promi- 

 nent department. Kancy and Yallombrosa are examples of. 

 Forest Schools, pure and simple. Carlsruhe and Hohenheim 

 will illustrate the other class. " The Polytechnic" in Carlsruhe 

 comprises six separate departments, viz: Mathematics, Engi- 

 neering, Machinery, Architecture, Chemistry and Forestry, with 

 a staff of forty-nine professors, lecturers, tutors and assistants. 

 I was struck with the extent of the eleven Collections " here 

 provided to aid in instruction, including objects connected with 

 forests ; models connected with engineering, machinery and \ 

 architecture, besides the usual botanic, mineral, and philosophic 

 collections, and an arboretum or forest garden. Professor Meyer 

 said that each of these departments really helps all the others, 

 and the union plan proves the most economic and feasible, 

 and that the two Professors of Forestry here by the aid of their 

 associates accomplish results which require from five to seven 

 professors in the isolated Forstakademies. 



