674 



A FEW REMARKS 



burning equally well ; a bituminous oil ; a substance like coal- 

 tar; and a residuum, similar to coke ; result from its distil- 

 lation. 



Electricity may have been a powerful agent in crystalli- 

 zation ; in the rapid deposition of strata ;* in the formation of 

 mineral veins ;-[* in earthquakes and volcanoes ; in the forma- 

 tion or decomposition of water; and in other ways of which we 

 are yet, and perhaps ever shall be, totally ignorant. 



Successive strata may have been rapidly deposited by tidal 

 oscillations and currents, aiding chemical or mechanical com- 

 binations. 



The depth to which bodies would sink in an ocean several 

 miles deep has not been proved, and there is reason to think 

 that it is much less than people generally imagine. An eminent 

 man has said that a knowledge of " the depression of the bed 

 of the ocean below the surface, over all its extent, is attainable 

 (with whatever difficulty and however slowly) by direct sound- 

 ing ;'"J and, in consequence of a conversation on this subject 

 with him in 18S6, he wrote to me, suggesting a mode which 

 might be tried. I consulted with a friend as to the possibility 

 of success, and his letter, § taken in connection with the facts 

 * Crosse. t Fox. 



I Treatise on Astronomy, by Sir John Herschel — Cabinet Cyclopae- 

 dia — pag-e 154. 



§ " I return Sir John Herschel's letter on deep-sea sounding. Any- 

 thing from him is sure to be interesting and instructive; but there is a 

 circumstance unnoticed in his communication which might obstruct the 

 descent of a sounding apparatus to very great depth. 



" Mr. Perkins found that at a depth of only 3,000 feet, sea-water was 

 compressed 1 -27th of its bulk at the surface. (Lib^. of Useful Knowledge, 

 vol. 1. Art. Hydrostatics.) Hydrostatic pressure has usually been esti- 

 mated from depth alone, assuming that the density of the fluid was uni- 

 form ; such, however, cannot be the case in an elastic fluid like water, 

 for at great depths, being in a compressed state, it is more dense than at 

 the surface. 



*'In estimating the amount of hydrostatic pressure at great depths, we 

 should know the vertical height of the column and mean density of the 

 fluid ; and since density increases with depth, by reason of superincum- 

 bent pressure, the water at great depths must be enormously compressed, 



and. 



