TRAINING. 



361 



attained the height required, or which the kind of tree is calculated to 

 attain, 



798. Conical standards^ or, as they are erroneously called, pyramidal 

 standards, may be pro- 

 duced from trees par- 

 tially spurred-in ; but 

 the most general mode 

 is to cut in the side 

 branches, as shown in 

 fig. 278, which repre- 

 sents several successive 

 stages ; while fig. 279 

 shows the tree brought 

 to its regular shape ; 

 and fig. 280, the same 

 tree with the branches 

 of the current year tied 

 down in the quenouille 

 manner. The best ex- 

 ample of this mode of 

 training which we have 

 '''^„?o«;«er-^«<'" inEngland, wasin 

 the Horticultural So- 

 ciety's garden in 1830; and in France, 

 in the Royal Kitchen Garden at Ver- 

 sailles, in 1840. There were in the latter garden, in that year, two hundred 

 trees trained in the conical manner, with the current year's shoots tied down 

 en quenouille. They had attained 

 the height of from six to twelve 

 feet before the branches were bent 

 down ; but the effect of this was 

 to cover the shoots with blossom, 

 buds, and to produce most ex- 

 traordinary crops. From the ex- 

 perience of French gardeners, it 

 would appear that trees trained 

 in the conical manner and en 

 quenouille do not last longer than 

 ten or twelve years. Copper wire 

 is used for tying down the 

 branches, and the lower ends of 

 the wires are attached to the 

 stouter branches, to the main 

 stem, to hooked pegs stuck in 

 the ground, or to a wooden frame 

 fixed a few inches above its sur- 

 face. 



799. Hayway'd" s quenouille 



Fig, 278. Quenouille training, progressive 

 stages. 



Quenouille or 



Fig. 279 

 conical training 

 pleted. 



. . Fig. 280. Conical training, 



com- training, — 1 ake a plant with with the summer shoots 

 four 



three feet or four feet 



or five strong shoots of tied down. 



long, on a stem of four feet or more high 



