362 



TRAINING. 



(fig. 281 ) ; " let a small hoop be bent round the bottom of the trunk, and 

 all the branches brought regularly down and fixed to it, as in fig. 282 ; the 

 consequences, if not guarded against, will 

 be as explained in 792. As several of the 

 uppermost buds on the base of each branch 

 will probably throw out strong wood 

 shoots, one of them, that is placed in the 

 best situation to admit of being bent down 

 to supply the place of the parent branch 

 when worn out, should be selected, and 

 all the rest rubbed ofiF close ; and as the 

 shoot that is left will grow large and 

 strong, m order that it may be better ^s-z. Haywards 

 adapted for bending, it should, as soon as guenouuie training 

 it is five inches or six inches long, be ^<^^p^^^^- 

 brought gently down and affixed to the old branch, as in 

 Fig. 281. Hayward's ^S' 283, a, a, marking the young shoot which has been 

 quenouiiie train- tied down. Trained in this manner, whenever it may be 

 ing, first stage. found necessary to cut out the old branches, these, by a 

 half-twist, may be brought down without danger of breaking, and the bend 

 wiU be less abrupt and unsightly. By the same rules, trees may be trained 

 in the same manner, with two or more tiers, as in fig. 284. The success of 

 this mode of training depends upon due 

 attention being paid to the disbudding or 

 rubbing off useless shoots in the spring, 

 and taking due care of those which are 

 intended either to cany on and extend 

 the tree, or to succeed and occupy the 

 place of the old bearers. It will," he con- 

 cludes, "be found extremely well adapted 

 to apple-trees on paradise-stocks, pear- 

 trees on quince-stocks, cherry-trees, &c. ; 

 and also to peach-trees in pots ; and it is 

 Hayward's ^ ^^^^ economical mode, as it requires no 

 quenouiiietraining, Stakes." — {Gard. May. vol. vii. p. 441.) 

 showi7igtwosucces. 300. Fan-training is chiefly adapted 

 sional shoots. „ . . . i . . n i 



for trees tramed agamst walls, and more 

 especially for the peach and apricot. There are several 

 modifications of the fan form, and five different varieties 

 may be pointed out. The first is the equal fan, in which 

 there are a number of main branches all radiating from the Fig. 284. Hayward's 

 graft of the tree : in the case of dwarfs, all the branches ^ouue quenouiiie 

 radiate from the horizontal line upwards, but in the case of 

 standards against walls, or what in Scotland are called riders, they radiate 

 downwards as well as upwards; and this forms the second, or what is 

 called the steUate-fan manner of training. The third mode is called 

 the open fan, or the Montreuil training, in which there are two main 

 branches laid into the right and left of the centre, at an angle of 45°, 

 and the wall is covered by subordinate branches from these and their late- 

 rals. The great advantage of this mode of training is, that whenever the 

 wall gets naked below, it can be covered by bringing down the two main 



