TRAINING. 



Fig. 316. Half-fan training, 

 second stage. 



Fig. 317. Half-fan training, third stage. 



cularly. This process answers well for pears, vines, or any other rank- 

 growing tree. — (G. ilf., vol. viii. p. 539.) A similar mode of training has 



been adopted by 

 Mr. Smith of 

 Hopeton House, 

 for the finer ap - 

 ples and best 

 late pears, and 

 is thus described 

 by him: fig. 815 

 represents a tree 

 one year from 

 the graft, newly planted, and afterwards 

 cut down to two buds on each shoot. 

 Fig. 316 represents the same tree two 

 years old, and fan-trained. Fig. 317, the same tree three years old, cut back 

 and fan-trained. Fig. 318, the same tree, six years old, fan-trained ; the 



shoots brought 

 down in a curvi- 

 linear form to the 

 horizontal direc- 

 tion; and the differ- 

 ent years' growth 

 marked one, two, 

 three, four, five, 

 six. The centre is 

 still trained in the 

 fan form, and the 

 branches are 

 brought down 

 yearly ; until the 

 tree reaches to the 

 top of the wall. 



Fig. 318. Half-fan training, sixth year. where the fan- 



training terminates, and the branches are trained forward horizontally. 

 Nothing more is necessary than to keep the trees in good order, and to en- 

 courage the leading shoots. — (Gr. M. x. p. 267.) 



808. Perpendicular training is comparatively little used, excepting for 

 climbing shrubs, such as roses, the vine, and the gooseberry and cuiTant, 

 when trained against a wall or espalier rail. The principle is to have two 

 horizontal main stems on the lowest part of the wall or trellis, and to train 

 from these upright shoots at regular distances. Sometimes four horizontal 

 main stems are used — two at the bottom, and the other two half way up the 

 wall or espalier ; but this mode is chiefly adopted with the vine. With the 

 exception of the latter plant and the fig, when trained in this way, the main 

 horizontal branches are very short, seldom in the case of the rose, goosebeny, 

 or currant, extending more than two feet or three feet from 

 each side of the stem. A young plant with two shoots may have 

 these shortened to one foot each in length, and tied to the lower 



Fig.319 Perpen- 



riic 'uior train- ^ar or wire of the trellis, as in fig. 81 9. This being done in 

 tug jir St stage, autumn, next year two upright shoots will be produced, and an 



