SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN EEGION. 



95 



Arho?' vitm {TJmja occidentalis) is a small tree which occurs in the 

 Southern Appalachians at only a few places, as on Cripple Creek and 

 Linville River, on moist soil. 



Red Cedar {Juniperus virginiana) is a small tree, seldom more than 

 50 feet in height, which is frequent below 1,500 feet elevation in old 

 fields and along roadsides, especially on limestone soil at the foot of 

 the western slope of the Smoky Mountains. The wood is soft, but 

 durable and valuable. It reproduces freely, but the rate of growth is 

 slow. 



Butternut {Juglans cinerea) is a short-stemmed tree reaching a 

 height of TO feet and a diameter of 24 inches. It is frequent on rocky 

 soil along streams between 1,500 and 4,000 feet elevation. It yields a 

 valuable light-brown cabinet wood. Seed is borne at frequent and 

 regular intervals, and reproduction is good. 



Black' Wahlut {Juglans nigra) reaches a height of 110 feet and a 

 diaineter of 40 inches, attaining its greatest size in the deep hollows of 

 the mountains of North Carolina, where it occurs mixed with oaks 

 and chestnut. The larger and most valuable trees have generally 

 been removed. It seeds regularly and reproduces freel}". The black, 

 fine-grained wood takes a good polish, and is largelj^ used in Europe 

 for furniture. 



Blttermit {Ilicoria minima) is one of the largest and most valuable 

 of the hickories, often attaining a height of 110 feet and a diameter 

 of 30 inches. It is frequent on lower moist slopes and along streams, 

 Seed is borne in abundance at frequent intervals, and reproduction is 

 good. The rate of growth is rapid. The wood is hard, heavy, and 

 tough, and is much used for the handles of tools and in wagon manu- 

 facture. 



Shaghark {Ilicoria ovata) is frequent along streams and on moist, 

 rich slopes, Avhere it attains a large size. It reproduces freely by 

 seed, and small trees sprout from the stump. The tough, elastic wood 

 is regarded as being second in quality among all the hickories. The 

 lai'ge, edible nuts are extensively gathered and sold. 



Carolina Shaglxtrk {Ilicoria carolirm-septentrionalis) is a smaller 

 tree than the preceding, but its wood is of the same quality, and is 

 used for the same purposes. It occurs on sandy soil at the south- 

 western end of the Appalachians, below 1,200 feet elevation. 



jShellhark Ilickort/ {Ilicoria laciniosa) is a large and valuable tree 

 which is found at only a very few places. It grows on alluvial lands 

 at a low elevation. 



White Hickory {Ilicoria alba) is the most common hickory. It is 

 frequent on rich, warm soil at a low elevation, where it becomes a 

 large tree, sometimes 110 feet in height and 3 feet in diameter. The 

 hard, tough wood is preferred to that of the other species for mechanical 

 uses. It seeds and reproduces freely, and young trees are common in 



