SOUTHEKN APPALACHIAN REGION. 



99 



2,000 feet elevation, where it occurs on dry soils generally with the 

 shortleaf pine. It is a tree of rapid growth and seeds abundantly 

 every few years. The bark is rich in tannin. 



Bear Oak [Qiiercm pumila) is generally a large shrub, sometimes 

 becoming a small tree. It is unimportant as a timber tree, and not at 

 all common except northeastward. 



Black Jack {Quercus marilandica) is a small tree, seldom more than 

 30 feet in height. It is found only on poor, dr}^ soil below 2,000 feet 

 elevation, and is infrequent except on the southern slope of the Blue 

 Ridge. The wood makes an excellent fuel, but is valueless as timber. 



Water Oak {Querctts nigra) is a small tree, reaching a height of 50 

 feet and a diameter seldom greater than 20 inches. It is found occa- 

 sionally along the larger streams around the southern base of the 

 mountains. It is not sufHcienth^ abundant to have an}^ specific use in 

 this region. The wood is similar to that of the shingle oak. described 

 below. 



Shingle Oak (Quercus imbricaria) is a small tree, seldom more tnan 

 50 feet in height, which occurs in the valleys below 2,500 feet elevation. 

 The wood is used for no specific purpose, but is coarse-grained and 

 porous like that of the black and scarlet oaks, and is adapted to similar 

 uses. It seeds freely, reproduces well, and makes rapid growth. 



WJdte Elmi {Ulmus arnericana)^ reaching a height of 80 feet and a 

 diameter of 30 inches, occurs only along the larger streams. It is not 

 abundant enough to be generally used. The wood is hard and tough. 



Winged Elm {JJlmits alata) occurs only along the larger streams, 

 especiall}^ toward the southern end of the Appalachians. It is seldom 

 more than 50 feet in height and 20 inches in diameter, and is unimport- 

 ant as a timber tree. The wood is hard and tough. 



Slippery Elm. ( Ulmus piibeseens), reaching a height of more than 

 100 feet and a diameter of more than 30 inches, is occasionally found 

 in rich hollows. It is too infrequent to have an}^ commercial uses. 



Late Elm ( UlmxLS serotind) is a small tree occurring on the larger 

 streams at the southern end of the Appalachian Plateau. Its timber 

 is similar to that of the other species, but is not used. 



Hackherrij {Celtis occidentalis) is a slender tree, sometimes 90 feet 

 feet high and 24 inches in diameter, which occurs along the larger 

 streams. The wood is tough and strong, but is not used. It seeds 

 f reel}' and reproduces well. 



Mississippi Hackherry {Celtis mississippiensis) is a tree similar in 

 size and in the character of its wood to the preceding. It occurs along 

 the larger streams, but is not common. 



Rough Hackherry ( Celtis crassifolia) is a smaller tree than the above, 

 seldom more than 30 feet in height and 12 inches in diameter. The 

 wood is tough and strong, but is not used. 



