METHOD OF PRUKING. 177 



(Fi^;. 16.) The wound has nearly healed, yet decay has set 

 in and an unsightly excrescence has been formed on the 

 trunk of the tree in the effort of healing. If the wound is 

 Avell covered by the new growth of wood 

 before injury has been done by the rot, 

 the progress of decay is stopped. In 

 order to heal readily, a wound caused 

 by the removal of a branch should be so 

 made that the sap on its way to the roots 

 may come in contact with the entire edge 

 of the wound without deviating from a 

 direct course. 



The Proper Method, — Evidently, then, 

 no portion of the amputated branch should 



be left, hut the cut should he made dose to I^^^- Excrescence 

 ' .77 7. n 1 caused by bad pruning. 



and perfectly even luith the outline of. the 

 trunk or limhfrorn ivhich tlie hranch is removed, tuithout regard 

 to the size of the wound thus made. When this is done, 

 the elaborated sap flows over the wound from the edges, 

 forming callus first at the top and sides, and gradually 

 covers it with healthy, straight-grained wood. The wound 

 is thus healed over and the decay of the trunk is pre- 

 vented. This healing is gradual and may require years 

 for accomplishment, especially if the limb removed is large 

 and the tree old and not vio-orous. The annual wood-rino- 

 being thickest on a young tree, wounds made on such a tree 

 will heal more quickly than on an old tree. Wounds made 

 near the top of a growing tree heal more readily than those 

 near the base, for the reason that the annual wood-ring is 

 thickest at the top. If the wound is left exposed to the sun 

 and wind during the time required for healing, its surface 

 invites decay. To prevent this we must protect the wound 

 at once by applying shellac or coal tar to its entire surface. 

 The use of grafting wax or other thick coatings for such a 

 purpose is not recommended, as they are likely to be cracked 

 or pushed off by the growth of the new 1:>ark and thus leave 

 the wood comparatively unprotected. A solution of shellac 

 and alcohol, such as is commonly used by painters, is an ex- 

 cellent wood preservative, as it closes the wound, prevents 



