96 



servatioiis and have reported free from seale. \\q spray annually 

 as a preventive using concentrated lime and sulphur i to 8. There 

 is only one way in which to keep your orchard free and that is to 

 spray every year and do it thoroughly. 



Just as soon as spraying is completed we start on our cultiva- 

 tion. This year we expect to greatly increase our stock and run a 

 separate crew of cultivators and sprayers, for cultivating really 

 should be started when spraying starts, if the soil is in condition, 

 and to get perfect apples it requires at least three sprayings. Previ- 

 ous to this, one force of teams have done the work, as the amount 

 of fruit has not justified so many sprayings. 



Horses vs. Mules. 



The first thing of importance in cultivation, and in fact all 

 orchard work where stock is required, is to select the animal to do 

 the work, and we find the good mule our best friend in that re- 

 spect. 



Emphasis on the good, for usually when you speak of a good 

 jiiule people laugh. A great many people do not know a mule only 

 as a kicker, balker, and an animal with all sorts of bad faults, but 

 let me tell you we have a lot of good big mules that have no tricks 

 and beat the horse at every stage of the game. 



A\'e started with big horses and are replacing with big mules, 

 our experience with them prove these advantages. 



They eat less feed, they do almost twice the work on hot sum- 

 mer days. A man can kill a horse in summer on a hot day, but 

 the mule can kill the man. They will stand rough treat-ment by in- 

 difi:"erent drivers, just like a goat in getting over rough rock — breaks 

 and new grounds, and are just as good on the road. These quali- 

 ties are what a fruit grower wants, and a good big mule will fill 

 the bill. 



Spraying for the Protection of the Apple. 



The codling moth is one of the most serious insect pests the 

 fruit grower must combat. Data collected by the Government and 

 State Experiment Stations have found that from forty to sixty 

 per cent, of the annual yield is injured by the codling moth, which 

 makes the fruit unfit for a market, and some almost worthless for 

 home use. \Miile a large number of up-to-date orchardists do 

 spray for the pest, a vast majority do not appreciate the extent of 

 the injury it causes. 



The first spraying for the codling moth should be just as soon 

 as the petals begin falling and before the lobes of the calyx draw 

 together. This period of time is about ten days. Have a good 

 mouthful of poison there when the larvae attempts to enter the 

 apple. 



Mr. Grove. How about spraying when in full bloom? 

 Mr. Cohill. We have never done that, and I could not tell 

 you of the result. 



