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Mr. Snyder. How do you plan to plow under trees? 



Mr Cohill. Have an experienced man as leader, to plow the 

 first furrow, one who is reliable and careful not to bruise the tree. 

 He can plow with one hand under the trees. It is rather trouble- 

 some. 



C. A. Griest. How much spread of limits have your eight- 

 year-old trees? 



Mr. Cohill. In some places they touch, planted 20 feet apart. 

 It takes width of two harrows on each side for cultivation. 



Prof. Surface. Do you turn the ground toward the tree, or 

 use the hillside plow? 



Mr. Cohill. One year we turn toward the trees, another year 

 away from the trees. If the land is steep, plow the lower side 

 of tree row up the hill every year. On one farm we turned the 

 ground toward the tree for seven years, with the result that the 

 ground was piled high about the trees. They grew very little this 

 summer, leaves were not bright. 



Mr. Rinehart. What kept them from growing? 



Mr. Cohill. W^e think the ground plowed up around the trunk 

 of the trees kept the air circulation away from the roots. 



Cover Crops. 



P'or cover crops we use crimson clover, red clover and cow 

 peas, using cow peas for a summer cover crop, and crimson clover 

 and red clover mixed, on alternating years for our winter cover. 

 I have with me a written account of the cost of maintaining fof 

 what we think an ideal 30-acre apple orchard) for the first eight 

 years, with details of cultivation, cover crops, fertilizer, pruning 

 and spraying, and would be glad to show it to anyone interested. 

 (Ed. — Statement reproduced at end of this paper). 



A great many complaints are made by growers of their cover 

 crops not taking, and the trouble usually lies in the ground not be- 

 ing properly prepared, and also if the ground is dry the seeding 

 should be delayed until rain comes. Crimson clover especially will 

 not germinate in dry soil. Run the harrow just ahead of the sower, 

 not a week ahead, nor two days ahead, but the same day. 



C. J. Tyson. Do you cover the seed? 



Mr. Cohill. You can use a harrow to do that but we don't 

 usually practice that. The important tiling in my mind is getting 

 the ground in shape and sowing at the proper time. 



Good Roads. 



I don't know how strong Adams countv is for good roads. 

 Good roads are an absolute necessity to the fruit grower, so when 

 it is too wet to cultivate, make a good road through your orchard 

 to the packing house. Get out your neighbors and everybody help 

 repair the county road to your railroad station. You had better 

 look after this because bumping over only a few stones to the sta- 

 tion will ruin your fruit for market. 



