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furrow comes for every row, a common or subsoil plow being used 

 to loosen up the ground to a good depth. In planting we give the 

 roots plenty of room, putting in fine top soil, well shaken into all 

 cavities, firmly packed with the feet, except the last few inches 

 which are left loose as a mulch. The trees are set deeper than they 

 are grown in the nursery. In filling the holes, we either bank up 

 well with loose dirt which we cultivate down to a level through the 

 season or leave the hole below the level and throw up with the cul- 

 tivator. The former way is preferable if the season is windy. 



For the first few years some cultivated crop planted in hills to 

 suit the width of the rows is advisable so the orchard can be culti- 

 vated both ways. Tomatoes or sweet corn, smaller stalks, the lat- 

 ter not planted too close to the trees, are good crops with some cover 

 crop sown every year. Any of the legumes are good, but we usual- 

 ly sow a mixture of mammoth clover, vetch and cow horn turnips. 

 Mr. Udell, the Baldwin grower, attributed his success to plowing his 

 orchard using buckwheat for a cover crop. He said, "My father 

 w^as the first one to use buckwheat in orchards in our section. He 

 began its use about fifty years ago. His orchard has not failed to 

 produce a crop in over 40 years." To derive the most good from 

 a cover crop it should be allowed to grow until May or June ; but on 

 level ground some of our best orchardists plow late in the fall to 

 save time in the spring. Fall plowing should never be done in hilly 

 ground for "Erosion'' is a bad man to have on the farm or in the 

 orchard. 



Spraying is the most disagreeable and costly job ever invented 

 and "Satan" never comes around the farm at that time for there 

 are no ''idle hands," everybody works, even father, he has to keep 

 the steam pump running water into the large supply tank. We use 

 gasoline rigs with tanks of 300 gallons capacity. One man on the 

 tank to drive and spray the tops, one man on the ground with, 

 a 50-foot lead of hose to spray the lower limbs. The orchards are 

 sprayed twice before blossoming and once after. The first spraying 

 I to 9 or 10 lime-sulphur for scale and blister mites. The second 

 spraying i to 20 with arsenate of lead, 4 pound to 6 pound to 50 

 gallons. As soon as the blossoming is nearly done the spraying 

 begins on the Greenings as they are about the first to drop their 

 petals, using i to 35 or 40 commercial lime-sulphur and arsenate of 

 lead. We have not tried spraying in August, yet will this coming 

 summer. 



This past season has been so hot and dry fungous diseases have 

 not bothered after apples were set. Unsprayed orchards this year 

 were free as well as the sprayed ones, but unsprayed orchards did 

 not set much fruit. Already some are saying, "well spraying hardly 

 paid last year so I won't do much at it this coming year." The lack 

 of spraying on buds never showed better than for the past two sea- 

 sons. Last spring a young orchard adjoining my farm blossomed 

 full. I would have given $1,500 for his crop and sprayed it. I 

 offered $500 per acre for this orchard. The man did not spray or 

 work his orchard, he had a failure. A friend 1)ought a power spray- 

 er, but he sprayed his neighbors orchard at the right time, leaving 

 his own orchard for a later job. It rained so he could not do his 



