General Instructions. 



ground be covered with heath or furze (sometimes called 

 goss, and sometimes ling), the heath and furze, if not worth 

 any thing as fuel, and, at any rate their roots, ought to be 

 grubbed up, and burnt in large heaps, at regular distances 

 on the ground. The readiest way of grubbing the heath, 

 is to do it by cutting off a thin turf all over the ground. 

 This turf will, when dry, burn very well, and will make 

 a great quantity of ashes. When the trenchers have worked 

 up to one of these heaps of ashes, they spread the heap 

 over the trenched ground ; so that when the whole piece is 

 trenched, it will have a dressing of ashes upon it, and this 

 will very materially help the young trees. 



25. 1 have spoken only of the spade, as a tool to be used 

 in trenching 5 but in stony or gravelly ground, or in chalk, 

 a spud, with three grains, such as they use in the hop- 

 countries, would be necessary ; and, in Jsome cases, a pick- 

 axe, for moving the bottom part ; for, let it always be borne 

 in mind, to move the ground deep and to turn it over are 

 things absolutely necessary to successful planting. 



26. There are cases, such as that of low, marshy or wet, 

 grass ground, where it might answer very well to pare off 

 the top in summer, and burn it, using the ashes in t!ie 

 above way. For, it might be difficult to plough in sucli 

 land ; and still more difficult to make the surface so clean 

 as it ought to be, if it were advisable to keep the top soil at 

 top, which, generally speaking, is the case, especially in 

 land of this description. 



27. If there be a wet bottom, where rushes grow, there 

 must be draining ; for, where rushes thrive, trees will not. 

 The stagnant water must be reHM>ved by draining, or it is 

 useless to plant trees. The oak, when it has got root, will 



