PACKING 



21 



those having flat bottoms, stitched-in bottoms, removable 

 bottoms, etc. The so-called continuous-stave flat-bottom 

 baskets are desirable. 



Paper and fiber cartons: There is no standard type of 

 apple carton. Heavy paper or fiber board cartons vary in 

 size from those which hold six apples to those which hold a 

 bushel. Once the fruit is graded and sized these boxes may 

 be easily packed. Through the use of decorative brands, 

 colorful labels, and Cellophane tops they can be made very 

 attractive (Fig. 6). 



Some of these cartons have not remained sealed well after 

 packing, especially when held in cold storage. Under extreme 

 conditions, such as the presence of excessive moisure, they have 

 lost their shape. Recent improvements have remedied some 

 of their defects so that they are satisfactory in dry storage. 



Hampers of various shapes and sizes are used for local 

 trade, but have not met the requirements of the general 

 market. 



(6) Determining Grades and Sizes to Be Made, Some of 

 the factors under determining the type of package to use have 

 a bearing on this question. "Grade^' refers to the exterior 

 quality of the fruit, color, freedom from blemishes, firmness, 

 and soundness. ^^Size^^ relates to the transverse diameter of 

 the apple at its point of greatest circumference between stem 

 and calyx. Size varies with the year and with the variety. 

 A 2l^-inch Jonathan and a 3-inch Stayman may be equally 

 high in grade. 



Many states now have grading and branding laws. The 

 grower should become familiar with those of his own state. 

 Federal grades are also in effect and are now being adopted by 

 many states and by the apple trade. These grades are known 

 as U. S. Fancy, U. S. No. 1, U. S. Commercial, U. S. Utility, 

 U. S. Hail Grade, and Unclassified. They represent a de- 

 cided advance over former trade grades and introduce an 

 element of stability in the market that is of advantage to all. 

 In the absence of mandatory acts the grower who is intent 



