192 



ESTABLISHING THE ORCHARD 



The boundaries of the orchard are now determined with no stake that 

 is in the way of a tree. It is now necessary to put in additional rows of 

 stakes through the interior of the field so that, standing within the field, 

 two stakes may be seen in line in each direction. 



Set E-F and H-I and as many more rows in each direction as may be 

 necessary, turning right angles as before. Do not set in tree rows, but 

 between them as indicated. 



Ordinary building lath are very satisfactory for stakes. 

 For rolling land, they may be spliced together to give greater 

 height for the hollows. A white cloth may be wrapped around 

 them or they may be dipped in w^hitewash when used for long 

 distances or against a background that makes it difficult to 

 see them. 



Point W indicates the position of a corner tree. Any point 

 in the field where two lines of sight cross is the place for a tree. 

 Small stakes may be set where each tree is to go, or the place 

 may be determined by sighting-in the reversed shovel as a 

 stake, digging the hole at once. The latter method is satisfac- 

 tory only with careful men. When a stake is placed a few 

 inches out of line and is used in turn for sighting, the error 

 accumulates as the length of the row increases and may be 

 considerable at the end. In order to reduce the possible error, 

 it is best to plant the trees or set the interior stakes in one di- 

 rection only, rather than to work across the field and back, 

 planting or staking in both directions. 



Two men may set the outer stakes. A third man, who can 

 stay back and do the sighting while the others are measuring 

 the distances, will save much walking back and forth. Three 

 are needed for such lines as E-F and H-I, two men sighting in 

 the stakes, one in each direction, while a third sets the stakes 

 as they indicate. If stakes are to be set at the location of each 

 tree, three men will do the work much faster and more accu- 

 rately than a smaller number. Almost any number of gangs 

 may work without interference in a field so staked, and the 

 original guide stakes are always in place until the job is done. 



There are many variations of the foregoing plan. The outer 



