TRAINING THE VINES 



515 



Shoots that develop during the growing season are permitted 

 to droop or hang at will, excepting that sprouts or suckers 

 near the base of the vines should be removed two or three times 

 a season. 



Several other systems of training are used almost exclu- 

 sively in certain sections. The two-arm Kniffen is similar to 

 the four-arm Kniffen, the difference being that only the upper 

 laterals are left to produce fruit. The umbrella Kniffen sys- 

 tem is a further modification of the two-arm Kniffen. In this 



(Cornell Exp. Station) 

 Fig. 209. The two-arm Kniffin system after pruning. The laterals are 



tied to the lower wire. 



case the ends of the laterals are tied to the lower wire (Figs. 

 208, 209). The Chautauqua arm system requires three wires 

 on the trellis. In this system the upright canes are one-year- 

 old wood (Figs. 210, 211). The Keuka high renewal system 

 of training requires three wires and more tying (Figs. 212, 

 213). In this system the side arms are one-year-old wood 

 and the uprights are new growth. 



Modifications of any of these systems may be used to ad- 

 vantage in some places. In fact, grape vines may easily be 

 trained to cover any trellis according to the grower's wish. 



