FT. rv. 



PRUNING AND THINNING. 



211 



raise «n,nd eject the bark from the acute angle formed 

 by the upper side of the branch and the stem. The 

 wavy cross-grain ceases when the bark ceases to be 

 raised. 



Plate II. shows the contrary side of the board. 



Owing to the distance from the pith at which the 

 saw has passed, the growths of the branch are not 

 visible on this side, as they are in Plate I. 



On the left, the fifth annual growth of the younger 

 shoot of the stem above the branch, joins the begin- 

 ning of the upper side of the branch ; the sixth annual 

 growth of the older shoot of the stem below the 

 branch, joins the beginning of the lower side of the 

 branch : these two growths are continuous and the 

 same with each other ; and, as in Plate I., they are 

 continuous and the same with the last or outside 

 growth of the branch. All the growths to the left of 

 these are disunited with the branch ; and, if the branch 

 had been cut off at A when it died, they would have 

 formed clean solid timber, like that outside the end 

 of the branch, instead of inclosing a disunited knot. 

 Each of the other annual growths of the stem above 

 the branch will be found continuous, and the same 

 with the growth numbered one after it below the 

 branch. 



In countries where it is the practice to shrive the 

 hedge-row trees, their branchless stems are ascended 

 by means of spikes at the side of the feet. In the 

 East, palms are ascended to inoculate the flower and 



p 2 



