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somewhat dififerent, the tomentose condition scarcely marked, the color of 

 the thallus on the whole duller and the spinous apices of the branches 

 absent. 



Cladonia sylvatica (L.) Hoffm. var. laxiuscula (Del.) Wainio Mon. Clad. 

 Univ. 1 :29. 1887. 



Podetia slender, quite long, abundantly dichotoniously and sparingly 

 radiately branched, the sterile apices nutant. Determined from Minnesota 

 by Dr. Wainio. Apparently new to America and little known in Europe. 



Cladonia sylvatica (L.) Hoffm. var. sylvestris (Oed.) Wainio Mon. Clad. 

 Univ. 1 :2o. 1SS6. 



The more tomentose condition, having rather more slender podetia and 

 the apices of the branches more inclined to be straight. 



This variety was determined for us from Minnesota by Dr. E. Wainio, 

 It is doubtless widely distributed in America, though it has seldom been 

 distinguished from the usual form of the species. Dr. Wainio has also 

 given us the name Cladonia sylvatica (L.) Hoffm. var. pumila (Ach.) Del. 

 in Dub. Bot. Gall. 621. 1830, but the plant seems to be simply a small form 

 of the above variety. 



Cladonia alpestris (L.) Rabenh. Clad. Eur. Exsic. 11, i860. 



Primary thallus rarely developed, when present crustaceous, delicate 

 and consisting of subglobose or irregular, clustered or scattered verrucae, 

 which are .16-. 28 mm. in diameter, straw-colored and destitute of a cortical 

 layer. Podetia arising from the verrucae of the primary thallus or often 

 from old or dying podetia or from free fragments of dying podetia, dying at 

 the base and increasing in length at the top, 50-200 mm. long and. 5-2. 5 mm. 

 in diameter, subcylindrical, often somewhat dilated in the axils, cupless, 

 subdichotomously or more commonly radiately or fasciculately branched, 

 frequently from four to six branches surrounding a perforation in the axil, 

 one or more branches becoming erect and larger, the others remaining short 

 and becoming finally unilaterally fasciculate and deflexe'd, the upper 

 branches shorter and forming dense thrySes, coespitosely clustered, erect, 

 without . cortex and more or less webby-tomentose, whitish or yellowish 

 straw-colored, the apices subulate and frequently spinous, more commonly 

 straight and sometimes colored brown. Apothecia small, .3-5 mm. in 

 diameter, disposed in dense corymbs at the apices of the .branches, solitary, 

 clustered or confluent, at first thin margined, finally immarginate, convex, 

 the disk brown (or brick-red?). Hypothecium pale or pale brownish. 

 Hymenium brownish above and pale below. Paraphyses simple or rarely 

 branched, sometimxes enlarged toward the apex. Asci clavate to cylindrico- 

 clavate, the apical wall thickened. (Fig. 3). 



Occurs with the two species above described, frequently intermingled in 

 the same clusters and is more beautiful in color, delicacy of branching and 

 arrangement of clusters than either of them. The three lichens are very 

 closely related, and only the most careful study will enable one to distinguish 

 the best marked forms, to say nothing of a multiplicity of intermediate con- 



