— 26 =- 



and rare in ours, .5-1.5 mm. in diameter, subsolitary or more or less clus- 

 tered on the margins of the cups or at the apices of the branches, most com- 

 monly immarginate, plane to convex, often perforate, the disk flesh-colored 

 to brown. Hypothecium pale or pale-brownish. Hymenium brownish or 

 pale above and pale or pale-brownish below. Paraphyses often thickened and 

 sometimes branched toward the pale apex. Asci clavate, the apical wall 

 thickened, commonly containing six spores. (Fig. 6). 



Grows on earth or old wood, and in the western hemisphere is confined 

 to the northern half of North America, including the extreme northern part 

 of the United vStates. Common to all the grand divisions of the eastern 

 hemisphere. Certain conditions are sometimes confused with the last 

 species, but more commonly with the next below. Dr. Wainio has referred 

 one of Tuckerman's specimens, (Tuck. Lich. Amer. Exsic. no, 125. 1854) to 

 Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaer. var. crossota (Ach.) Nyl. Lich. Scand, 57. 

 1861, and gives description, which in absence of specimen conveys no dis- 

 tinct idea. 



Cladonia turcuda (Ehrh.) Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 124. 1796. 



Primary thallus persistent or finally diiKippeariiig, composed of large 

 foliose squamiiles, which are irregularly or subdichotomously lobate or 

 laciniate, erect or ascending, plane, convex or convex and involute, often 

 closely clustered, whitish to pale sea-green above and white below, having 

 a continuous cortex, 5-20 mm. long and 2-5 mm. wide. Podetia arising one 

 or more from the surface of any squamule of the primary thallus, sometimes 

 dying at the base and rarely increasing in length at the top, 20-75 mm. long 

 and 1.5-3.5 mm. in diameter, turgescent and turbinate or subcylindrical, 

 sometimes rather obsoletely cup-bearing, radiately or dichotomously 

 branched, the branches erect (n- spreading, axils and also the sides fre- 

 quently perforate or even gaping, erect or ascending, cortex subcontinuous 

 or areolate. sometimes more or less squamulose, whitish 'to whitish-sea- 

 green or the decorticate portions between the areoles white, the basal dead 

 portion sometimes becoming brown, the cupless apices obtuse or shortly 

 radiate or furcate and frequently becoming brown. Cups slightly dilated, 

 perforate or closed and rarely cribrose, the margin radiate-proliferous. 

 Apothecia small or middling sized, .5-2 mm. in diameter, solitary or clus- 

 tered at the ends of the branches and frequently short stipitate, thinly mar- 

 gined or immarginate, plane or convex, often lobed and perforate, the disk 

 brown (or brick-red?). Hppothecium pale or pale-brownish. Hymenium 

 pale brown above and pale or pale-brownish below. Paraphyses somewhat 

 clavate toward the pale or brownish apex. Asci cylindrical to clavate, the 

 apical wall thickened. (Fig. 7). 



Occurs on earth or on rocks covered with humus. Known in the north- 

 ern part of North America and in northern Europe and extending further 

 south in mountains. Found in northern United States as well as further 

 north. Easily confused with either of the last two plants. Cladonia 

 tui'gida (Ehrh.) Hoffm. var. i!;iypea Tuck. Enum. Lich. in Agass. Lake 

 Super, 173. 1850. may be distinct. This yariety is describe^ in Tuckerman's 



