﻿HISTOEY STUDY m THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 39 



The following are some of tlie purposes for which wall maps 

 are used: To connect geography and history (6) ; to give definite 

 ideas of direction and location (15) ; to make text more clear and 

 emphatic (1) ; to localize matter of history (2) ; to show how the 

 thing studied is affected hy its geography (2) ; to study physical 

 features (4) ; to make histoiy appeal to pupils as a past reality 

 (1) ; to make discussions more intelligent (1) ; to clinch abstract 

 information (1) ; to test pupils' knowledge (1) ; to show the dis- 

 advantages of the people in certain districts (1) ; and to bring 

 events and places into relation (1). 



The answers show that textbook maps are used practically in 

 the same ways and for the same reasons as wall maps. In a few 

 cases a different use is given for the former. Some of the replies 

 follow: Studied as carefully as other parts of the text (42) ; used 

 in home study (1) ; reproduced on the blackboard (6) ; studied and 

 copied during the study period (3) ; teach them in connection with 

 wall maps (1) ; go over maps in the assignment (1) ; used as a 

 guide reference to wall map (1) ; and to find small places quickly 

 (1). The reasons given for the use of textbook maps are so much 

 like those given for the wall maps that they need not be repro- 

 duced. 



One thing is evident from the answers to the questions calling 

 for the above material, viz., that teachers do use both kinds of maps 

 in a variety of ways and for a variety of purposes. This evidence 

 should encourage textbook makers and witers to include in their 

 books many well-selected maps. The general use that teachers 

 make of such maps would seem to .justify an abundant use of maps 

 in history texts. 



Use Made of Pictures in History Teaching. Pictures are used 

 in some systems to a large extent. One system reports a collection 

 of 8,000; another says 'we have hundreds arranged in sets so they 

 can be passed around easily'. Four systems have sets of lantern 

 slides, and nine have stereopticon views. Only twenty-four of the 

 291 reporting say they make little or no use of pictures; forty-one 

 leave the question unanswered, and nine report that they have no 

 material. The answers given have more to do with why pictures 

 are used than how they are used. Some of the typical purposes 

 follow with the number of times each occurs: To emphasize per- 

 sons, places, and facts (8) ; to excite interest and make the mean- 

 ing clear (9) ; to make real the men, events, and places (2) ; to 

 show costumes, battle fields, armies, and machinery (5) ; to keep 



