412 HORTICULTURE L\ ARCH I PEL 



when mature are strikingly different. From the egg the 

 larval or thread form is hatched ; this passes, through 

 several moults, becomes a cyst, and finally developes 

 into a male or female ; the latter increases enormously 

 in size and after impregnation at last breaks up into a gel- 

 atinous mass of eggs and young larvse. The length of time 

 required for the completion of a cycle in cases studied by 

 experts in this department, is not far from one month. 

 Only the larval forms have been met with by the writerin 

 the foliage, but it was not uncommon to find the various 

 sexual stages in the galls in the roots of the same species 

 of host. 



The point that most interests the practical grower is a 

 successful method of treatment. From a knowledge of 

 the nature and habits of the worms, it is evident that 

 the direct application of vermicides is almost out of the 

 question. The worms not only work within the substance 

 of the plant, but render the parts affected more imper- 

 vious than the healthy tissue. Substances like kerosene 

 emulsion or bisulphide of carbon, it has been found, when 

 applied in strength sufficient to reach the worms, also 

 injured the plant. What is true of remedies for ne- 

 matodes in the roots would hold good for those in the 

 foliage Preventive measures seem the only ones 

 available, and the first of these is to reject all affected 

 plants when selecting from the greenhouse for planting 

 in the open ground. All such discarded specimens 

 should go to the burn heap and not to the compost pen. 

 In like manner all affected foliage of plants to be re- 

 tained, should be gathered and burned. 



If it be assumed that the seat of the disease is in the 

 subterranean parts of the plant and the direct inoculation 

 is through the soil, it is evident that any method of ster- 

 ilizing the earth in which the plants are to grow would 

 be an effective check to the ravages of the nematodes. 

 So far as the soil of the garden is concerned the method 

 of starving out the worms by growing crops not suscep- 



GO DE HARO, WASHINGTON. 



table to them is the cheapest, provided that time is not 

 an important element. It may take years and a rotation 

 of unsusceptible crops may be necessary, which latter 

 presupposes a knowledge of the subject not possessed by 

 the average gardener. Soil that is annually frozen to 

 the depth of a foot or so will not usually contain a dan- 

 gerous stock of nematodes and if the plants are not 

 affected when set out, they will remain free. In the 

 north, therefore, the main point for out-door culture is 

 to have healthy plants, as they come from under the 

 glass. Nematodes are much more abundant and des- 

 tructive to field crops in the south because the worms 

 are not kept down by the cold of winter. 



It is evident that the greatest damage to plants by 

 nematodes at the north will naturally be confined to, or 

 originate in, the greenhouse and here the leading point 

 in any method of prevention is to have the soil, whether 

 in propagating bed or flower pots, free from the worms. 

 If, thorough freezing is destrudtive to them, the impor- 

 tance of exposing the soil to be used under glass to 

 severe winter weather is important. Old soil that has 

 grown wormy plants should be carefully disposed of and 

 fresh earth free from nematodes used in its stead. If 

 the plants set in this soil are free from worms there is 

 little chance of serious inroads from them. Lime mixed 

 with the soil, as old broken mortar, is recommended by 

 many gardeners and to the same end soaking the soil 

 with lime water occasionally is reported as destructive 

 to the worms that may be in the earth. When once in 

 the plant they are, as a rule, out of reach of such reme- 

 dies. However, in some instances, as when geraniums 

 are attacked in the foliage and become slimy, it may be 

 well worth while to try kerosene emulsion or some ar- 

 senical compound. 



Frost and fire are the two leading preventives, namely : 

 the freezing of the soil and burning of the affected parts. 



N. J. Experiment Station. Byron D. Halsted. 



HORTICULTURE IN ARCHIPELAGO DE HARO, WASHINGTON. 



HOSE who have visited the Chan- 

 nel Islands off the north coast 

 of France and wondered how 

 an island like Jersey could sup- 

 port such a city as St. Heliers, 

 and have found upon due inquiry 

 that the people are supported 

 by fruit and vegetables raised 

 out of doors under nature's own canopy and in doors 

 under a canopy of glass, and then shipped by steamers 

 to the border market, will understand the conditions 

 under which an island in the Archipelago de Haro is 

 entering upon the same field of labor. Orcas Island, 

 protected by the other islands of the group, moun- 

 tainous, containing a large amount of limestone and 

 natural phosphates in the soil, surrounded by the 



Japan current, with deep inlets or sounds cutting 

 it into many parts; with a climate equal to the best 

 parts of southern France and perhaps in some re- 

 spects superior to that of Jersey, is becoming rapidly 

 the most important district of the northern Pacific 

 states for all those fruits that will grow in the 

 warmest portions of the temperate zone. 



Apples, apricots, cherries, peaches, pears, prunes, 

 plums, and all varieties of small fruits are grown in abun- 

 dance and of superior quality, flavor and size. So ap- 

 parent has the value of the favorable importance of this 

 island become that large and wealthy companies have 

 bought land and are planting out prune, pear, apricot and 

 apple orchards by the hundred acres. The Orcas Island 

 Fruit Co. will this year plant fifty acres of prunes and 

 twenty of apples, and until fall about 150 acres more. 

 The Puget Sound Fruit Co. has just purchased 320 acres 



