124 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY 
volumes of dirty water flow into the sea from the Scotland 
District; this largely prevents coral growth in the offshore 
waters. The absence of subterranean drainage makes this 
small district less healthful than the remainder of the island. 
Such diseases as typhoid and pellagra are not uncommon. 
In the older rocks of the Scotland District is found some very 
high grade oil. It occurs under the low folds of the much dis- 
torted Tertiary rocks. The great number of faults and the 
small size of the folds preclude the occurrence of any large 
quantities of oil. Two or three wells produce a small amount 
of petroleum which has an asphaltic base and is not rich in the 
light oils. It is well suited for lubricants. 
In this district occurs also a variety of bitumen known as 
‘‘manjak’’ or glance pitch. This ‘‘Barbados tar,’’ as it is 
known in England, early held an important place in materia 
medica. Its chief use is as a basis for black varnish or japan; 
its jet black color obviates the necessity of mixing with it any 
pigment. 
Tarry sands occur in many places in the valley; at one point 
these have been burned and the brick-colored hill is called Burnt 
Hill. , 
The quantities of sand washed down to the beach in the dis- 
trict has been heaped into ridges along shore by the waves in 
places and the wind has made migrating dunes of it; these inter- 
fere with the outlet of one or more of the small streams be- 
tween St. Andrew station and the sea, and a brackish water 
pond, called Long Pond, has resulted. The dunes are covered 
in places with a very interesting mass of vines, which tend 
to bind down the sand and prevent its migrating. Some of 
the vines noticed were forty to sixty feet long with occasional 
rootlets, serving as holdfasts, penetrating the sand. 
The writer accompanied by Willis Nutting approached the 
Scotland Valley from the west by walking overland from 
Speightstown. A little beyond Farley Hill they reached the 
edge of the concave escarpment which passes around the great 
amphitheater-like valley. This escarpment is in places sc 
abrupt that it can be climbed only with difficulty; here and 
there the edge is incised with notches made by running water 
and along its border rise Hillaby, Chimborazo, Misery, and 
