LIST OF ILLUSTKATIONS. xiii 



PAGi; 



The positions assumed by the wing of the bird during the 



down and up strokes (front view), . . . 158 



Analysis of the movements of the wing, . . 160, 161 



The kite-like action and waved movements of the wing, . 166 



The Centaur Beetle and Water Bug, . . . .171 



The Dragon Fly, . . . . . .172 



The screws formed by the wing of the insect, bat, and bird, 174, 175, 176 

 The muscles, elastic ligaments, and feathers of the wing of the 



bird, ....... 181 



The flight of the King-fisher, . . . . .183 



The flight of the Gull, . . . . . .186 



The flight of the Owl, . . . . . .198 



The flight of the Albatross, . . . . .200 



Pigeon and Duck alighting, .... 203, 204 



Hawk and quarry— G^ra^Aic), .... 206 



The Vauxhall Balloon of Mr. Green, . . . .208 



Mr. Henson's Flying Machine, . . . . .212 



Mr. Stringfellow's Flying Machine, . . . .213 



Sir George Cayley's Flying Apparatus, . . . 215 



Flying Machine designed by De la Landelle, . . . 217 



Borelli's Artificial Bird, . . . . .220 



Diagrams illustrating the true and false action of the. wing, . 228 

 The sculling action of the wing as seen in the bird, . .231 

 The artificial wave wing of the Author, . . .237 



Do. do. with driving apparatus, . . 239 



Various forms of artificial wings by the Author, . .241 



The compound wave wing of the Author, . . . 243 



Dia-grams illustrative of artificial wing movements. . . 250 



Diagram illustrating the currents produced by the movements 



of artificial wings, . . . . . .253 



The aerial wave screw of the Author, . . . . 256 



Swallow in pursuit of insects, . . . . 260 



