Mance: Quarry Industry of Southern Indiana 61 



used and a second pump or injector is held in reserve. As a rule, 

 the pumps in use are in good condition. 



Feed-water heating is practised by practically every owner, 

 and in any form is a very economical practise. In many cases 

 old boilers have been utilized as feed-water heaters. In some 

 cases the tubes have been removed from the old boiler and a 

 large exhaust pipe has been carried thru the boiler shell. This 

 method utilizes a small portion of the heat in the exhaust steam, 

 but there is a distinct saving in the small rise in temperature 

 of the feed water. In some cases the exhaust steam is passed 

 thru the tubes while the shell is filled with the feed water. These 

 as a rule do not give a high temperature to the feed water, but 

 any rise in temperature is a saving of fuel. Many of the plants 

 are equipped with regular water-heaters. Among the types 

 represented are the Cookson, Cochrane, and Wicks heaters. All 

 these types seem to be giving entire satisfaction to the owners, 

 and the number in use is constantly increasing. In all cases where 

 no effort is made to heat the plant with the exhaust steam from 

 the boilers, the open types of heaters are used, but where the 

 operator has an enclosed plant and wishes to make a long run 

 thru cold weather, the closed types of heaters are used with steam 

 connections to heat the plant. Much of the exhaust steam from 

 the pumps is still allowed to escape, since the exhaust from the 

 engines is usually enough to heat the supply of feed water used. 



The guyed steel stack is used almost exclusively thruout the 

 district and seems to give entire satisfaction. It is in fact the 

 best type for quarry and mill service, since few operators would be 

 justified, with the present outlook of the business, in making the 

 additional outlay necessary for brick or self-supporting steel 

 stacks. In most cases the stack equipment is sufficient for the 

 boilers in use, but in one case, where a water-tube boiler of the 

 Atlas type is in use, it is not giving satisfactory results on account 

 of the insufficient draft. The operator who installed it failed 

 to realize that a water-tube boiler needs more stack draft than a 

 fire-tube boiler of the same size. This difficulty has since been 

 obviated and more satisfactory results are being obtained. Few 

 cases are on record where stacks have been injured by winds, since 

 most plants are in protected locations and few of the stacks are 

 of great enough height to be troublesome in the wind. Where- 

 ever stacks have not appeared to be giving draft enough the diffi- 

 culty has nearly always been found to lie in the connections and 

 breechings rather than in the stack. 



