288 MALFOKMATIONS AND DISEASES 



manner, the fructification of the full Balsam is not injured. In 

 the more perfect instances of double flowers, not only the fila- 

 ments, but the pistils, and even the nectaries, when they are pre- 

 sent, pass into the corolla. In the common Columbine of our 

 gardens, this last change happens. Yet the nectaries are often 

 multiplied to the greatest degree, while the petals remain un- 

 affected. It seems to be established by a very remarkable 

 observation, that the nectaries even sometimes supply the 

 place of the instruments of fructification ; (Muller in Ver- 

 handlungen der Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der Natur- 

 kunde und Industrie Schlesiens, th. i. s. SI 4.) 



When monopetalous corollae become full, they are divided 

 during this process, as is distinctly seen in Antirrhinum mqjuSy 

 and Jasminum Samhac. When compound flowers are filled, 

 they either return, when they are radiatae, to the original tube- 

 form of the disc florets, as we see in the quilled China aster 

 of our gardens, and in Tagetes ; or the disc florets degeneratf 

 into ray florets, which is almost constantly the case with the 

 Calendula officinalis, Pyretlirum Partheninm, and Antheinis 

 grandiflora. It is remarkable, that the papilionaceous flow- 

 ers almost never are full. Spartium junceurn is the only ex- 

 ception with which I am acquainted. Some Japanese flowers, 

 Anthemis grandiflora, Ramat., Clerodendron fragrans, Vent, 

 and Keria Japonica, De Cand., grow always full, 



416. 



To malformations of the fruit, we refer partly its formerly 

 remarked retrogradation to the form of bulbs and leaves, and 

 partly its want of seeds, which also is a consequence of 

 luxuriant growth, and of the ceaseless propulsion of the juice 

 increased by art. The Musa almost never bears seeds. 

 Our Figs always contain only female flowers, the ovaries of 

 which are consequently abortive. The Italian Azarole, the 

 Chinese Cedrat, our Ananas, our Barberries and Plums 

 without seeds, are malformations of the same kind, which may 

 be considered as the consequences of cultivation. The growth 

 of one fruit in another, which is partially observed in the 

 Agrumae, belongs to the same class of facts ; (Linne, in 



