30O 



BOOKS AND BULLETINS. 



ever, and this is one phase of the subject for next year's 

 work). 6. All fallen apples that are affected should be 

 destroyed daily. 7. The cost per tree for each spraying 

 will average, in small orchards, about three cents. In 

 larger orchards it would be less." 



Woolly aphis upon apple trees was destroyed by a 

 spray of lye-water — one pound of con. 

 Woolly Aphis. centrated lye to three gallons of water. 



Kerosene emulsion was not found to 

 be a satisfactory remedy. 



Bulletin No, 7, Iowa Experiment Station. Among 

 other matters, this bulletin contains a valuable paper by 

 C. P. Gillette, upon "Codlin Moth Experiments." Mr. 

 Gillette controlled a small and isolated plantation of 

 Duchess apples, upon which careful ex- 

 Fighting periments were made with London pur- 

 Codlin Moth pie and water, Paris green and plaster, 

 in Iowa. and carbolized plaster. In every case, 

 treated trees gave better fruit than un- 

 treated trees. The poorest results were obtained from 

 the use of carbolized plaster, there having been a saving 

 of 34 per cent, of fruit liable to injury. "This remedy 

 could hardly be recommended even if very good results 

 were obtained, as it does not kill the insect in any of its 

 stages, but simply repels the moths, which seek the fruit 

 of neighboring trees, on which to deposit their eggs." 



Next best results were obtained from the London pur- 

 ple, which saved about 80 per cent, of the fruit. One 

 pound of poison was used with 128 gallons of water ; 

 some of the trees were sprayed once and some twice. 



Best results followed the application of Paris green 

 and plaster. This saved 94 per cent, of the fruits liable 

 to attack. "I believe that no one has ever reported on 

 a remedy for the codlin moth, which, by careful counts, 

 has shown as good results as this." One pound of Paris 

 green was used with 100 pounds of plaster. This was 

 thoroughly dusted" over the trees, from once to threg 

 times Mr. Gillette thinks that two applications are 

 ample. " Poisons can not be applied by this method as 

 rapidly or easily as by means of a force pump, but it has 

 the advantage of costing nothing for apparatus, and the 

 trees can be dusted quite rapidly from a wagon, by driv- 

 ing on the windward side of the row. This method of 

 applying the poisons would be specially 

 Arsenites and useful where only a few trees were to be 

 Plaster for treated, and where it is thought that a 

 Codlin Moth. pump can not be afforded. " These re- 

 sults with the dry poison are certainly 

 remarkable, and they indicate that a distributing machine 

 like the lately perfected Strawsonizer, of England, may 

 yet find use and favor in our orchards. At all events, 

 these experiments afford a new proof of the efficacy of 

 arsenites in the combatting of the codlin moth. 



Bulletin No. 14, Ohio Experiment Station. Like 

 all Ohio bulletins, this one is suggestive and important. 

 Mr. Green is one of the best testers of varieties in the 

 experiment stations of the country. In this bulletin he 

 has given the results of various tests with cabbages and 

 cauliflowers. "The test of early varieties of cabbage 



was conducted for the purpose of determining synonyms 

 and of learning the relative value of old and new sorts. 

 The particular object in view was to compare Early 

 Wakefield with Etampes and Express. Former trials 

 had shown that there was little, if 



any difference in earliness between Wakefield, 

 Early Wakefield and Etampes, Etampes and 



while the former produced nearly' Express Cabbages. 



50 per cent, more marketable 



heads than the latter. The Express made but little 

 better showing than the Etampes. The claims made by 

 seedsmen that the varieties named are from a week to 

 ten days earlier than Early Wakefield, were so much at 

 variance with the results of our former trials that it 

 seemed necessary to institute a more extended and thor- 

 ough comparison than had hitherto been attempted." 



The tests of i88g confirm those of 1888. They "show 

 no marked differences in the earliness of the three varie- 

 ties, if date of first cutting alone is considered. In 1888, 

 Early Wakefield and Express were both ready to cut 

 June 29, and in i88g the Express was three days ahead. 

 Early Wakefield was a few, days earlier than Etampes in 

 both seasons. If we take as a standard of earliness the 

 per cent, of the crop gathered at the first cutting, the re- 

 sults are essentially the same, there being a slight differ- 

 ence in favor of the Early Wakefield. A better standard 

 of comparison is found in the per cent, of crop mature 

 at a given date. A variety cannot be ranked as early 

 simply because it gives a few mature specimens at an 

 early date, but the number of specimens must also be 

 considered. The Early Wakefield gave a greater per 

 cent, of the entire crop within ten days from the time of 

 the first cutting than either Express or Etampes. In 

 fact, the whole crop, or 100 per cent, of the Early Wake- 

 field was ready for market, in 1888, within ten days from 

 the time the first head was mature, while Express and 

 Etampes ranged from one-half to three-fourths of the 

 crop in the same period. This is a matter of great prac- 

 tical importance to the gardener who wishes not only to 

 secure the advantage of an early market, but is desirous 

 of clearing the ground for a second crop. Our trials 

 have shown, in every case, that the Early Wakefield 

 yields a larger per cent, of its crop at any given early 

 date, than Etampes or Express, and matures its entire 

 crop earlier than that of either of the varieties named." 



Quality, " referring particularly to market value, " was 

 measured for the three sorts. "About half only of the 

 Express and Etampes were marketable, while all of the 

 Early Wakefield heads were solid and fit for market. It 

 should, in justice, be said, however, that solidity of head 

 depends much on soil, climate and other varying factors. 

 Etampes and Express frequently make a better showing 

 than this. In some sections, particularly in moist cli- 

 mates, they produce good crops ; but the experience with 

 them at the station indicates that they are not to be de- 

 pended upon in this latitude to give more than half a crop. 

 The Early Wakefield, on the other hand, seldom produces 

 any but solid heads, which are smaller than Etampes and 

 Express, but being more solid, bring a better price." 



