42 



Processes and Schools of Engraving. 



engraving), Mar cello Fogolino (worked about 1520-40), and Ottavio 

 Leoni (about 1576-after 1628). But their work was not actually done 

 by dotting, but by means of short flicks with the point of the ordinary 

 graver. 



Pure dot- work, either with the hand-punch or with the -hammer and 

 punch, was used by an interesting group of German and Netherlandish 

 goldsmith engravers (chiefly of ornament) in the late XVIth and early 

 XVIIth century, of whom the most important were J. Kellerdaller (I 

 and II), Daniel Kellerdaller, Bernliard Zan, Hieronymus Bang, 

 Paul Flindt, and Franz Aspruck. It was a method which goldsmiths 

 used in the Middle Ages, and several modern impressions exist from early 

 plates not origmally intended for printing. 



The immediate forerunner and constant companion of stipple was 

 crayon-engraving, which was discovered about the middle of the XVIIIth 

 century m France by J. C. Francois (Nancy, Lyons, Paris ; 1717-69), 

 and developed almost contemporaneously, and carried to greater perfection 

 by Gilles Demarteau (Liege, Paris ; 1722-76), and Louis Marin 

 Bonnet (St. Petersburg, Paris; 1735(43 ?)-1793). Bonnet excelled in 

 printing in colours from numerous plates in imitation of pastel. 



The head of the school of stipple-engraving in its most limited 

 signification was Francesco Bartolozzi (Florence, Venice, Kome, 

 London, Lisbon; 1728-1813), an Italian who settled in London in 1764. 

 Bartolozzi and most of the stipple -engravers found their truest vocation 

 in engraving the drawing-room fancies of artists, such as G. B. Cipriani 

 and Angelica Kauffmann. Other designers of the period who are largely 

 represented in stipple -engravings are Eichard Cosway,' Thomas Stothard, 

 E. F. Burney, E. Westall, W. Hamilton, Francis Wheatley, Bigg and 

 Singleton. 



Stipple, like mezzotint, has been largely practised by English artists, 

 and by foreigners working in England. The following are some of the 

 principal names : 



W. W. Ryland. Paris, London. 1732(38 ?)-1783. 



Thomas Burke. Dublin, London. 1749-1815. 



Charles Knight. London. 1743 ?-after 1825. 



Thomas Cheesman. London. 1760-after 1834. 



Luigi Schiavonetti. Bassano, London. 1765-1810. 



P. W. Tomkins. London. 1759-1840. 



Charles Wilkin. London. 1750-1814. 



Caroline Watson. London. 1761 ?-1814. 



Anthony Cardon. Brussels, London. 1772-1813. 



John Conde. London. Worked about 1785-93. 



J. P. Simon. London. Before 1750-about 1810. 



Elias Martin. Stockholm, London. 1739(40)-1818. 



Some of the strongest stipple and crayon-engravings were produced 

 by the mezzotint-engravers already cited, of whom we may mention 

 John Jones, J. R. Smith, William Ward, and William Walker. 



