26 



Processes and Schools of Engraving. 



this period, used a combination of etching and engraving, generally 

 beginning their work in etching, and finishing in line, the most 

 important were : 



Benoit Audran, the elder. Lyons, Paris. 1661-1721. 



Benoit Audran, the younger. Paris. 1700-72. 



Jean Audran, Lyons, Paris. 1667-1756. 



Nicolas Henri Tardieu. Paris. 1674-1749. 



Laurent Cars. Paris. 1699-1771. 



P. A. A. Aveline. Paris. 1710 (1697 ?)-1760. 



C. ]Sr. Cochin, the elder. Paris. 1688-1754. 



Fran9ois Joullain. Paris. 1697-1779. 



The engravers of this school, and others who worked in the same 

 manner (carrying on the tradition of Gerard Audran, of the 

 XVIIth century), also largely reproduced paintings of the Netherlandish 

 and other schools, and the large Gallery Works gave emploi^ment to many 

 engravers all over Europe. 



Of the illustrators of this the most attractive period in the history 

 of engraved book-illustration, the chief draughtsmen -engravers were : 

 H. F. Gravelot (Paris, London; 1699-1773), Charles Eisen (1720-78), 

 C. P. Marillier (1740-1808), and Jean Michel Moreau (1741-1814). 



Of the engravers one might mention C. W. Cochin, the younger 

 (1715-90), Augustin de St. Aubin (1736-1807), both of whom pro- 

 duced some of the best frontispiece portraits, Woel Le Mire (1724-1800 ?), 

 and Nicolas Delaunay (1739-92). 



Outside France, the best book illustration was done by Daniel 

 Chodowiecki in Germany (Danzig, Berlin ; 1726-1801), and by the 

 engravers of the school of Turner in England. But the Turner engravers 

 also covered a wider field, being engaged on many series of plates after 

 the master's drawings. Most of the work on their plates is etched, only 

 the finishing touches being added with the graver ; but the conventions 

 of the work being nearer the style of the line-engraver than the etcher, 

 they are most naturally classed with engravers. Among the best of 

 Turner's engravers one might mention W. B. Cooke, George Cooke, 

 John Pye, Robert Wallis, William Miller, J. T. Willmore, and 

 E. Goodall. 



English illustration of the late XVIIIth and early XlXth centuries 

 found its best designer in Thomas Stothard, and there was no lack of 

 second-rate work by engravers, like James and Charles Heath, after 

 the designs of W. Hamilton, Eichardand Henry Corbould, E. F. Burney, 

 Richard Westall and others, but it seldom possesses the distinction of the 

 French school. 



The most remarkable figure in English illustration is William Blake, 

 but the majority of his illustrations are etched ui relief, and referred to 

 in consequence at the end of the section on Woodcuts ; but his illustra- 

 tions to Job are among the greatest original line-engravings since the 

 time of Diirer. 



The XVIIIth century showed an attempt to revive reproductive 

 engravmg in the classical style. The chief representatives of this revival 

 in France and Germany wer'^ Jean Georges Wille (Giessen, Paris ; 

 1715-1808), and Georg Friedrich Schmidt (Berlin, Paris, St. Peters- 



