24 



Processes and Schools o f Engraving. 



Giulio Bonasone. Bologna, Eome. Worked about 1531-74. 

 Agostino Carraeci. Bologna, Parma. 1557-1602. 



Prancesco Villamena. Eome. Worked about 1586-after 1622. 

 Interesting for his use of the swelling Ime'^ (i.e. the line which expands 

 in breadth in the middle, a means by which variety of tone could be 

 achieved w^ith the smallest amount of cross-hatching). 



In France the earliest engravers were considerably later than in 

 Germany, the Netherlands, or Italy. The most interesting master, 

 with something akin to AVilliam Blake in his imagination, was Jean 

 Duvet (Langres ; 1485-about 1561). But the most technically accom- 

 plished French engraving of the XYIth centm^}^ w^as the ornament work 

 of Etienne Delaune (Paris, Augsburg, Strassburg; 1519-83). 



The latter part of the XVIth and early XVIIth centuries was not a 

 great p»eriod of engraving. An enoiiiious amount was produced, 

 particularly in small portraits and religious prints, with Antwerp as the 

 busiest centre. A great height of technical accomplishment was achieved, 

 and no engraving has surpassed m this respect the small plates of the 

 brothers Wierix of Antwerp. Other engravers of similar talent are the 

 members of the Passe family of Utrecht, two of whom, Simon and 

 Willem van de Passe, worked in England in the reign of James I. 

 In France, small work of a similar character, chieflj' in portrait, was 

 being done by Pierre Woeiriot, Thomas de Leu, and Leonard 

 G-aultier. And in Italy excellent portraits, remarkable for the use of 

 dotted shading, were produced bv Ottavio Leoni (Rome ; about 1576- 

 after 1628). 



Other extremely skilful engravers of about 1600, chiefly of small 

 works, were Theodor de Bry, a Flemish settler in Frankfort, and 

 Michel Le Blon, of Amsterdam, remarkable for prints of ornament. 



It is at this period that the earliest engravings were being produced 

 in England, 1540 being the earliest date attached to any of these, i.e. 

 about a century later than the inception of the art abroad. Most of the 

 early engravers in England were settlers from the Netherlands, the 

 earliest of these, whose name is known, being Thomas Geminus, a 

 surgeon attached to the court of Henry VIII (worked about 1524-70). 

 The' best of the early English engravers (chiefly of portrait and title- 

 pages) were : 



William Rogers. London. Worked about 1589-1604. 

 Renold Elstrack. London. Worked about 1598-1625. 

 Francis Delaram. London. Worked about 1615-24. 

 John Payne. London. Worked about 1620-48. 

 William Marshall. London. Worked about 1617-49. 

 George Glover. London. Worked about 1630-52. 

 Larger plates, of great bravura of style, were being produced in the 

 Netherlands by 



Hendrik Goltzius (Haarlem; 1558-1616), and his followers Jan 

 Muller (Amsterdam; 1571 ?-after 1625), Jacob Matliam (Haarlem; 

 1571-1631), and Jan Saenredam (Leyden ; 1565-1607). 



A great impetus to reproductive engraving was given by Eubens, who 

 employed several engravers in his studio to reproduce his paintings. 

 The most important of these were : 



