THE ANIMAL 



AS A 



MACHINE AND A PRIME MOTOR. 



I. 



INTRODUCTION. 

 ENERGY AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS. 



ENERGETICS AND ITS LAWS. 



I. Energy and its Transformations are the source 

 and the method of all useful work, as of all natural 

 phenomena involving motions of masses or of mole- 

 cules of whatever kind. All " prime movers " are ma- 

 chines by means of which man diverts energy from 

 natural channels and compels it to do his own work. 

 The water-wheels and windmills simply transfer the 

 energy of the moving fluid to the machinery of the 

 transmission through which it performs useful work ; 

 the heat-engines and electric machinery transfer energy, 

 and at the same time convert it from the thermal or the 

 electrical to the dynamic form for application, and 

 thermodynamic or electro-dynamic apparatus thus have 

 two distinct functions. 



In some instances we may observe a succession of 



