On the Insects affecting the Turnij) Crop, 197 



for protection when unemployed : the legs are of a rusty ochre, the 

 thighs pitch-coloured, the hinder (fig. 8 m) being very thick and 

 formed for leaping; their tibice, or shanks, are also the stoutest 

 and thickly fringed on the outside towards the end (fig. 8 n) : 

 the feet are all composed of four joints (fig. 8 o), the tips as well 

 as those of the shanks generally pitch -coloured ; in the hinder 

 pair the basal joint is considerably the longest ; the third is 

 formed of two slightly dilated lobes, roughened beneath with fine 

 hairs, as well as the two preceding joints, for the sake of adhering 

 to smooth surfaces, and they are thus enabled to ascend glass ; 

 the fourth joint is slender and club-shaped^ and always furnished 

 with two minute claws. 



The mouth is composed of six parts (fig. 7) ; the upper lip 

 or labrum, is large, broader than long, and a little narrowed before ; 

 the anterior margin is slightly concave, and furnished with two 

 short bristles (fig. e). The mandibles, or teeth, form two sets^ 

 one placed on each side, so as to meet ; they are strong, bony, 

 and semilunate; one terminated by three, the other by four 

 sharp strong teeth ; the second being the longest^ the lower one 

 smallest (figs. //). The maxillce, or jaws, are two, placed on 

 each side, beneath the teeth : they are small, terminating in two 

 lobes, densely fringed with fine hairs at the apex ; the inner lobe 

 the largest, somewhat orbicular ; the outer one smaller, being an 

 articulated, somewhat ovate lobe (figs, g g) : on the outside of each 

 jaw is attached a moderately long and stout feeler or palpus, com- 

 posed of four joints: the basal joint is clavate, the second is obo- 

 vate and truncated, the third is much stouter and similar in form ; 

 the fourth is the longest, stout and conical, being somewhat pear- 

 shaped. The mentum, or chin, is somewhat quadrate, the sides 

 are convex, with the anterior angles acuminated (fig. i) : the 

 labium, or under lip, is somewhat quadrate, horny and truncated 

 at the base, with a leathery oval lobe in front (fig. h) ; the sides 

 are excavated to receive another pair of small feelers, or palpi 

 (figs, 1 1) ; these are very short, stout, and composed of three joints 

 only ; the basal joint is cup-shaped and scarcely visible ; the 

 second stout and oval ; and the third is very slender^ with the apex 

 pointed. 



The length of the beetles varies from f to 1 J of a line; the 

 line being the twelfth part of an inch : the longer ones are the 

 females, which are considerably stouter than the males, and this is 

 especially the case after impregnation. 



When the beetle is feeding, the different parts of the mouth are 

 all employed : the upper and under lips open to liberate the other 

 organs ; the two sets of teeth, or the toothed mandibles, as they are 

 named, meet when closed, and from their strength and horizontal 

 action they readily break the cuticle of the leaf. Indeed^ some 



