15 
macadamiziug of all their main thoroughfares. All this is on 
the supposition of no special effort; simply the proper use of 
fairly generous appropriations, such as we are now accustomed 
to vote. 
3rd, Xecessai'i) Apparatus. The apparatus not usually in the 
possession of a country town, necessary for the construction of 
a good road, either macadam or gravel, may be purchased for 
$600 or less, and therefore is easily within the means of even a 
small town. It consists essentially of a two ton horse roller, 
capable of being weighted to three tons, cost about $200, and a 
a water cart for sprinkling, cost about 8350. For extensive 
macadamizing a steam roller is indispensible, but fair results 
may be obtained without its use. 
■ith. Grade Level. In reviewing the details of above ex- 
periment the only part which seems beyond the attainment of 
the average intelligent farmer is the survey. In the outlined 
work this was made as simple as possible, no regular cross 
sections being taken such as would have been necessary for 
contract work. Still it is too technical for the average road 
builder. To meet the difticulty I have devised a form of grade 
level, so simple that any carpenter can make one in a few hours 
and of such utility that suitable grades may be selected and 
laid out on side stakes previously placed at suitable distances 
(not necessarily equal distances as in the experiment) by any 
man of good judgment with no figuring whatever. A carpen- 
ter's level, which may be obtained at any hardware store for a 
dollar; a straight edge pine board; eight carriage bolts with 
thumb nuts for two of them ; a few pieces of hard wood for 
sights and clamp are all the material required. 
When no record is required to be kept work may be laid out 
with this much more expeditiously than with a level even when 
handled by an experienced surveyor. In ordinary road repairs 
it is invaluable as an aid to the e3'e, and even about the farm it 
will be found of frequent utility as in drainage, laying water 
pipe, plumbing walls, etc. Plate 5 gives both plan and eleva- 
tion with all necessary dimensions. Grades of one-fiftieth, 
one-thirtieth, one-twenty-fifth, one-twentieth, one-eighteenth, 
one-fifteenth, one-twelfth, one-tenth, one-ninth, one-eighth, 
