HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY. 



15 



knowledge by whicli the facts or phenomena called 'physical are 

 perceived. And (3) Reason, or the organ of original implied know- 

 ledge, which apprehends the realities implied by the facts or 

 phenomena presented to the Intelligence by the two other faculties. 



In other words, from the facts presented by Self-consciousness 

 and Sense Reason apprehends Substance, Causes, and Laws, 

 which are implied by these facts. For instance, what do we 

 know of Time ? 



Experiment II. — Try and apprehend Time. Has it any 

 phenomena such as extension and form, or feeling, willing, 

 knowing ? 



It is true we may speak of something as in the middle of the 

 week, but that has not the same meaning as if we spoke of it as 

 in the middle of the field or room. But we can perceive events 

 as succeeding each other, and thus time as the place of events as 

 space is the place of bodies. In other words, succession implies 

 Time, and thus we directly,'immediately or intuitively apprehend 

 Time by that power I have ventured to denominate Reason. 



Once more, take Substance. We have many theories as to the 

 nature of substance ; and I only wish I could dwell on our theories 

 as bo molecules, atoms, negative corpuscles, knots in the ether, etc., 

 but if you study the subject you will see that none of these 

 theories and hypotheses are built on the facts and phenomena 

 supplied to the intelligence by the senses, by the direct observation 

 of these bodies. No man has ever seen an Atom, but no thinker 

 doubts its existence. Why ? I venture to reply, Because 

 through his Reason Substance (sub, beneath ; and stare, to stand) 

 is apprehended, for phenomena imply substance, and is appre- 

 hended with the same certainty as phenomena are perceived by 

 faculties of sense and self-consciousness. That being so we 

 cannot doubt its existence or else we must proclaim (as Sir 

 William Hamilton said) " consciousness to be a liar from the 

 beginning " and thus put an end to all science. 



Naturally different phenomena imply different substances, 

 although some may be common to both, hence the maxim. It 

 is not all gold that glitters ! How much more certain must we 

 be, then, if no phenomena are (not one little phenomenon even) 

 common to both. Now our Sense gives us as ]3henomena per- 

 ceived form, extension, colour, etc ; and our Self-consciousness] 

 the phenomena of feeling, willing, knowing. These are two 

 entirely different classes of phenomena. Therefore the sub- 

 stances implied by them must be entirely different. AVe call the 



