SOME LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE REGARDING ITS DATE. 213 



Ddtabdr, Persian tax-gatherer, occurs not infrequently. Such 

 officials become numerous in Babylonia (Hilprecht, Bab. Exp, 

 of Univ. of Pennsylvania, Series A, Vol. IX, p. 8). 



6. Ahashdarpdn:Sa,tTa,]^. Achsemenian Persian Khshatrapa van, 

 from Khshatra, realm, and root pd, to protect. Hence Greek 

 i^aTpdirr]^;, a-arpairrj^. The f for khsh recalls the English 

 habit (in Bombay) of representing the Sansk. Ksh by x. 



7. Rdz : a secret, = Avestic razah, loneliness ; Sansk. rahasya, 

 secret. (It is retained in Pahlavi and modern Persian rdz, a 

 secret.) 



8. Adargdzar : an official title, perhaps " counsellor." Avestic 

 Adhara,! within, and perhaps root ^^^/^ar, to flow.* Whether the 

 mediaeval Persian andar-zhaghar is connected with our word may 

 be doubted. 



9. Zan : P. 13480, " Kind, sort " ; Achsemenian and Avestic 

 zana, race (of men) ; Armenian zan, sort. Root jan. Av. zan. 



10. Pithgdm : message, decree ; word, thing. Achsemenian 

 Pati-gdma,iiom.Pati-gdm, to come to ; Armenian joa^^am ; mod. 

 Persian paighdm, sl message. 



11. Hadddbar : cf. Eg.-Aramaic hamda-kar (P. 13492, line 

 4) ; the doubled d representing md or nd, the words probably 

 formed similarly, only, kar (doer) for bar (bearer). [Or possibly 

 Hadddbar for Haudabar, from Achsemenian Khan da-bar, Avestic 

 KJiaoda-bar, helmet-bearer."] But perhaps Driver is right in 

 suggesting gaddbar, as in the Eg.-Aram. papyri the h (71) closely 

 resembles the g (/\). 



12. Gaddbar : Avestic gadhdvara (which, if it occurred, would be 

 gaddvara in Achsemenian, club-bearer ; from gadha, a mace, club 

 (perhaps, as Ungnad says, a club for throwing). In the Avesta 

 the term gadhdvara is applied to Keresaspa, just as the equivalent 

 gadhd-bhrit in Sanskrit is to Krishna and the Latin claviger to 

 Hercules. In modern Persia the mace-bearer {chub-ddr) " carries 

 a long stafi with a large head covered with embossed silver." 

 In India at native courts the mace-bearer is in Urdu styled 

 sonte-bar-ddr. Xenophon (VII, iii, 10, and VIII, i, 38 ; iii, 15, 

 Cyropsedia) mentions the high position of the o-KrjirTovxo's 

 at the Persian court ; as does Tacitus (Ann. VI, 33) at other 

 Eastern courts. It is likely that the same office existed in Babylon, 



Cf. our word influence. 



