SOME LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE REGARDING ITS DATE. 217 



and there formed diminutives. The derivation of the word, 

 however, is quite clear. In Avestic we have a word fnaini 

 (Sanskrit 7nani, a gem), an ornament, and especialy a necklace. 

 In the Avesta " with a golden collar " (zarenu-mainish) is a term 

 applied to a vulture. Combining this word maini in the sense 

 of an ornament with the prefix hmn (Sanskrit sam, Greek aw, 

 Latin cum) we have Hammaini in Avestic, which in Achaemenian 

 would be Hammani (written hamani). With the -Ka termination 

 (not in the diminutive sense) the Achsemenian form of the word 

 would be Ham{m)dnika, a collection of gems, a necklace. Pro- 

 bably, therefore, the Qri form Hamnikd is correct, meaning " the 

 neck-ornament." 



19. TipJitdye. Most scholars until recently fancied that this 

 word in Dan. iii, 2, 3, was due to a scribal blunder, and various 

 conjectures were resorted to in order to correct it. Now, however, 

 we know that the reading is correct, for the word occurs in line 

 4 of Section B of the Strassburg papyrus, dated year 14 of 

 Darius II (Ungnad, pp. 8, 9), with only this difference that a 

 yod is inserted after the initial consonant, making the syllable 

 long, or at least fully written, and confirming the correctness of 

 the traditional vocahsation of that syllable. The B.D.B. Lexicon 

 does not attempt to explain its etymology, all attempts previously 

 made being deemed erroneous. The meaning of the word had 

 been lost even before the LXX version of Daniel was made. The 

 Peshitta version merely transliterates the word with the change 

 of a single letter. The word being Persian, it is evident that the 

 second element in it is the vocable which in Acheemenian is 

 fati, lord, and in Avestic faiti (in Sanskrit jpati = Greek iT6crL<;). 

 The first part is ti, which is a shortened form of the particle ati 

 (Achsemenian), Avestic aiti. Sanskrit ati. Neither dialect of 

 Old Persian actually afiords an instance of the omission of the 

 initial vowel in this word ; but the particle itself occurs only 

 once in the Achsemenian inscriptions. In the cognate Armenian, 

 however, several words are formed with this particle, and in 

 every instance the initial vowel is losv. Thus we have Ti-air 

 (contracted ter) from (a)ti, over, and air, man ; hence ter = lord ; 

 Ti-kin (= yvvrj), over-woman, lady ; Ti-ezerFh " over-limits," 

 the world, the universe. The particle ati does not lose its initial 

 vowel in Sanskrit, nor is ati-paii found in that language ; but 

 words similarly compounded do occur, as, e.g., ati-rdjd, ati-stri, 

 ati-mdnusha, Atindriya. Compounds similarly formed with 

 adhi, a prefix of similar meaning to ati, also occur : as Adhi-pati 



